PROTOCOL: Water, sanitation and hygiene for reducing childhood mortality in low‐ and middle‐income countries

Abstract

Respiratory tract infections and diarrhoea are the two biggest killers of children in low income contexts. They are closely related to access to, and use of improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). However, there is no high quality systematic review that quantifies the effect of WASH improvements on childhood mortality. Existing systematic reviews of WASH improvements measure effects on morbidity, under the (often implicit) assumption that morbidity is closely correlated with mortality. This is at least partly because the impact evaluations on which they are based are only designed to detect changes in morbidity with statistical precision, whereas mortality is a relatively rare outcome. The proposed review will address this evidence synthesis gap, using the greater statistical power of meta‐analysis to pool findings across studies.

PROTOCOL: Gender transformative approaches in agriculture for women's empowerment: A systematic review

“…The included randomized and non‐randomized studies will be assessed for confounding, selection bias into the study, attrition, selection bias out of study, departures from intended intervention due to performance bias, departures from intended intervention due to motivation bias, errors in measurement of intervention and outcome, biases in analysis and reporting and unit of analysis error (Waddington & Cairncross, 2021, p. 13).…”

PROTOCOL: Interventions promoting resilience through climate‐smart agricultural practices for women farmers: A systematic review

“…The tool to assess risk of bias in randomised and non-randomised studies will draw on Waddington et al (2021), which articulates bias domains around confounding, selection bias, departures from intended interventions, bias in measurement, and reporting bias (Supporting Information: Appendix 6).…”

Understanding antibiotic use: practices, structures and networks

“… 81 As noted elsewhere, health outcomes including musculoskeletal disorder, reproductive tract infection, injury, psychosocial health and poor nutritional status are all often gendered. 82 Research is needed to understand how to better tailor stewardship initiatives and reduce unintended harm in the face of these dynamics, and in the implications for women if antibiotics no longer work as a result of AMR or if their use is restricted.…”