Proton Affinity and Conformational Integrity of a 24-Atom Triazine Macrocycle across Physiologically Relevant pH

Abstract

For 24-atom triazine macrocycles, protonation of the heterocycle leads to a rigid, folded structure presenting a network of hydrogen bonds. These molecules derive from dynamic covalent chemistry wherein triazine monomers bearing a protected hydrazine group and acetal tethered by the amino acid dimerize quantitatively in an acidic solution. Here, lysine is used, and the product is a tetracation. The primary amines of the lysine side chains do not interfere with quantitative yields of the desired bis(hydrazone) at concentrations of 5−125 mg/mL. Mathematical modeling of data derived from titration experiments of the macrocycle reveals that the pK a values of the protonated triazines are 5.6 and 6.7. Changes in chemical shifts of resonances in the 1 H NMR spectra corroborate these values and further support assignment of the protonation sites. The pK a values of the lysine side chains are consistent with expectation. Upon deprotonation, the macrocycle enjoys greater conformational freedom as evident from the broadening of resonances in the 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra indicative of dynamic motion on the NMR time scale and the appearance of additional conformations at room temperature. While well-tempered metadynamics suggests only a modest difference in accessible conformational footprints of the protonated and deprotonated macrocycles, the shift in conformation(s) supports the stabilizing role that the protons adopt in the hydrogen-bonded network.

Impact of Solvent and Protonation State on Rotational Barriers in [s]-Triazines

“…For reference, triaminotriazine (melamine) has a p K a of 4.8, while methylated derivatives have values ranging between 5.35 and 6.08 . We recently established that macrocycles of similar structures have p K a values of 5.6 and 6.7 …”

“…Our interest in the rotational barriers of the triazine-N bond stems from a recent focus on their inclusion in macrocycles. − The macrocyclization performed is an acid-catalyzed dimerization that produces protonated triazines. In most cases, the reaction is quantitative and a single, symmetric isomer is obtained, likely due to a proton-mediated hydrogen bond network …”