Proton and carbon n.m.r. spectra of butylated coal

Functionalization by Reductive Alkylation and Mapping of a Subbituminous Coal by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy

“…The dodecyl radicals then add to either the coal or the coal salt to yield the functionalized (dodecylated) coal. This pathway was demonstrated convincingly by Alemany, King, and Stock who showed that alkylation of aromatic carbon by n -butyl groups occurred by a free radical rather than an ionic mechanism . The integrity of the alkyl group is maintained since the rearrangement of free radicals by migration of hydrogen is a symmetry forbidden process.…”

“…Analysis. The products were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) equipped with energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and solid-state 13…”

“…One involves collapse of the coal matrix during the reduction step to yield a mixture of nucleophilic species that react in a concerted S N 2 reaction with the primary alkyl halide that serves as the alkylating agent . A second process identified by Alemany, King, and Stock involves electron transfer from the reduced coal to the alkyl halide. The resulting radical anion collapses instantly into a primary free radical and iodide.…”

Application of Spectroscopic Techniques to the Structural Analysis of Coal

“…Carbon-13 magnetic resonance has been applied to coal and to the elucidation of structures of soluble coal fractions (Table 6) (Alemany et al, 1978;Stock, 1988). The evidence from carbon-13 magnetic resonance studies of the extract of coal appears to favor the occurrence of small-ring systems.…”

An Essay on the Organic Geochemistry of Coal

“…Reductive alkylation of a sample of the Illinois No. Alemany et al (1978Alemany et al ( , 1979, using *H and 13 C NMR as well as other tech niques, have shown that the reaction involves not only ether cleavage but also carbon-carbon bond cleavage, various elimination reactions, and re duction of carbonyl. Alemany et al (1978Alemany et al ( , 1979, using *H and 13 C NMR as well as other tech niques, have shown that the reaction involves not only ether cleavage but also carbon-carbon bond cleavage, various elimination reactions, and re duction of carbonyl.…”