Proton-induced x-ray emission analysis of deep-sea ferromanganese nodules

Abstract

and Pb in the nodules were determined, and the accuracy of the determinations was verified independently by flame atomic absorption and emission techniques. Thin sample targets on Nuclepore filter disks backed with Kapton were used with I-MeV protons for the low-energy region (0-8 keV) and 2-MeV protons and a 0.004-in. AI filter for the high-energy region (5-35 keV) of the X-ray spectrum. X-ray yield data were obtained for elements from Na to U (11 < 2 < 92), wlth standards of 99.999 YO purity and the thin target technique.

Water analysis

“…Several different carriers such as sodium chloride and ammonium phosphate were used to prepare iron-niobium alloys or iron alloys, either as the finely divided metal or as the dissolved salts, prior to emission spectrometrical analysis (275,520) while several binary alloys were used in the systematic investigation of interferences in emission spectrometric steel analysis (275). Arsenic in steels has been determined by X-ray fluorescent methods (210), and in ferromanganese nodules by protoninduced X-ray emission (228). In the latter case, flame AA and emission techniques were also compared.…”

“…Barium in labeled steel-making slags was reportedly determined by 14-MeV neutron activation methodology (285). In a multielement study of manganese nodules, barium, among others, was determined by proton-induced X-ray emission analysis (228). BISMUTH Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was applied to the determination of bismuth at the trace level in steels and cast irons both as solid samples (140) and as dissolved samples (84).…”

“…Proton-induced X-ray emission techniques were applied to the analysis of deep-sea ferromanganese nodules for a multitude of elements including calcium (228). In two similar papers the use of neutron activation for the multielement analysis of Saudi Arabian iron ores was aided by off-line computer data reduction (386,387).…”

“…Electrochemical dissolution of a steel specimen and subsequent fixing of a portion of the resulting solution on a filter paper for an XRF determination was used to establish a procedure for classifying various alloys (290). Proton-induced X-ray emission analysis was also applied to ferromanganese nodules for a multielement determination of the sample, and the results were verified independently by AA and emission spectroscopic techniques (228). Several methods of sample preparation were studied for the quantitative determination of cobalt (and other elements) in ferromanganese nodules by electron microprobe analysis (445).…”

“…X-ray fluorescence methods are continuing to be used for the determination of traces of copper in various ferrous materials, such as in ferromanganese nodules presented as thin sample targets (228), in steel following anodic dissolution and subsequent absorption on a filter paper disk (290), and directly in steels and cast iron (309) and high-carbon steel and highchromium cast iron and steel (308).…”