Protothecosis and chlorellosis in sheep and goats: a review

Riet-Correa, Franklin; Carmo, P. M. S.; Uzal, Francisco A.

doi:10.1177/1040638720978781

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The type of bedding interferes with water retention or in promoting drainage away from the recumbent cow, and it is reported to increase or inhibit the survival of Prototheca in the environment [53]. Environmental and climate changes driven by human activities would also promote the spreading of these algae [54]. P. ciferrii occurs in the environment, mostly in cow barn [55], while P. bovis was isolated from milk, from 20-70% of feces of healthy bovine [56], but also from drinking water, feed, and bedding of dairy farms [57][58][59][60][61].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prototheca spp. in Bovine Infections

Nardoni,

Mancianti

2023

Encyclopedia

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Prototheca microalgae, although still considered uncommon etiologic agents, represent an insidious intruder, threatening cattle herd health and determining productive losses. Increasing numbers of clinical cases globally identified would indicate these microalgae as emerging pathogens. They can be isolated from a wide variety of environmental and non-environmental sources, due also to their ability to produce biofilm. This ability to spread and contaminate a huge variety of substrates, as well as the high resistance to elevated temperatures, renders Prototheca prevention a very hard task. In addition, early infection signs are subtle and difficult to detect. The poor response to conventional antimycotic drugs represents an additional challenge when facing this infection. Although it would seem unrealistic to completely eradicate the exposure risk of cows to these microalgae, the adoption of proper on-farm protocols and management, with the highest attention to hygiene measures, would be beneficial in reducing the magnitude of this problem. Keeping the attention focused on early diagnosis, together with the development of new, alternative, and effective agents and formulations, would be strongly advised to prevent, treat, and control Prototheca infections.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surprisingly, mastitis is a typical feature of bovine protothecosis, only, being P. wickeramii the etiological agent of caprine protothecosis, which develops as respiratory disease, probably after contact of nostrils with organisms from the environment, while ovine protothecosis has never been reported [54].…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Prototheca spp. in Bovine Infections

Nardoni,

Mancianti

2023

Encyclopedia

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“…Currently, only two algae species causing diseases have been described and confirmed in terrestrial vertebrates, including humans. These species belong to genera Prototheca Krüger, 1894 (Chlorellales: Chlorellaceae) and Chlorella Beyerinck, 1890 (Chlorellales: Chlorellaceae), and cause protothecosis and chlorellosis, respectively (these diseases can also be referred as "algaemia") [1][2][3]. In 2018, the only case of human infection with another microalga, Desmodesmus (Chodat) An, Friedl & Hegewald, 1999 (Sphaeropleales: Scenedesmaceae), was reported in Japan [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Impact of the Parasitic Microalgae Coccomyxa parasitica on the Health of Bivalve Modiolus kurilensis

Tumas,

Slatvinskaya,

Kumeiko

et al. 2024

Microorganisms

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The invasion of bivalves by parasitic microalgae Coccomyxa is widespread and causes pathologies and dysfunctions of the organs, especially in the most valuable products: the mantle and the muscle. The pathogenesis of the disease remains completely unknown. In this study, based on a macroscopic examination of Modiolus kurilensis and microalgae count in each infected individual, four stages of disease development with characteristic pathognomonic symptoms were described. During the progression of the disease, the concentration of alkaline phosphatase, glucose, calcium, hemolytic and agglutinating activities, number of basophils, eosinophils, phagocytes, and cells with reactive oxygen species increased in the hemolymph, while number of agranulocytes, cells with lysosomes, dead hemocytes, total protein concentration, as well as the weight of mollusks decreased. In the nephridia and digestive gland, necrosis, invasion of Nematopsis sp., hemocyte infiltration, and fibrosis increased. The ratio of changed tubules and occurrence of granulocytomas increased in the digestive gland, while the base membrane, nephrocytes and concretions changed in the nephridia. This study helps establish the variability of these parameters under normal conditions and their alteration during the disease. Moreover, these findings can be used for veterinary monitoring of the state of bivalves in natural and aquaculture populations.

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“…They are unicellular organisms that lack chlorophyll and are capable of producing a cutaneous or invasive disease, called Protothecosis, in humans and other mammals [1,2]. Chlorella, green algae with chlorophyll, is the only other genus of algae that has been reported to cause invasive disease in humans and animals [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Prevalence of Prototheca bovis Infection in Dairy Cattle with Chronic Mastitis in Ecuador

Huilca-Ibarra

Vasco-Julio

Ledesma

et al. 2022

Veterinary Sciences

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The genus Prototheca, a unicellular, non-photosynthetic, yeast-like microalgae, is a pathogen of concern for the dairy industry. It causes bovine mastitis that currently cannot be cured, and hence generates significant economic losses in milk production. In this study, for the first time in Ecuador, we identify Prototheca bovis as the etiologic agent of chronic mastitis in dairy cattle. Milk samples (n = 458) of cows with chronic mastitis were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). Microscopy and cytB gene sequencing were used to identify Prototheca, whereby Prototheca bovis was isolated from 15.1% (n = 69) of the milk samples, one of the highest infection rates that can be found in the literature in a “non-outbreak” situation. No other Prototheca species were found. We were unable to isolate the alga from environmental samples. We showed that P. bovis was relatively resistant to disinfectants used to sterilize milking equipment on the cattle farms where it was isolated. We discuss how to avoid future infection and also hypothesize that the real prevalence of Prototheca infection in bovine mastitis is probably much higher than what was detected. We recommend a protocol to increase the diagnostic yield in the bacteriology laboratory.

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Protothecosis and chlorellosis in sheep and goats: a review

Cited by 9 publications

References 26 publications

Prototheca spp. in Bovine Infections

Prototheca spp. in Bovine Infections

Study of the Impact of the Parasitic Microalgae Coccomyxa parasitica on the Health of Bivalve Modiolus kurilensis

High Prevalence of Prototheca bovis Infection in Dairy Cattle with Chronic Mastitis in Ecuador

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