Providing Comprehensive Dietary Fatty Acid Profiling from Saturates to Polyunsaturates with the Malaysia Lipid Study-Food Frequency Questionnaire: Validation Using the Triads Approach

Abstract

To address limited food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) capacity in public health monitoring in Malaysia, we aimed to develop a semi-quantitative FFQ for an adult multiethnic population for comprehensive fatty acid (FA) profiling inclusive of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), PUFA:SFA ratio, trans fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6 FAs. A 240-food itemed FFQ used diet records (DR) of Malaysia Lipid Study (MLS) participants and fatty acid composition database from laboratory analyzed foods. The developed MLS-FFQ underwent face and content validation before relative validation in a free-living population (n = 114). Validation was facilitated for macronutrient data comparisons between DR and FFQ via Spearman’s correlation coefficient analyses; and for fatty acid composition data by independent pairing of DR, FFQ and plasma triglyceride using the triads method. Moderate correlation between dietary methods was obtained for macronutrients and FAs (r = 0.225–0.457, p < 0.05) except for ω-3 FAs, presenting good agreement with grossly misclassified nutrients <10%. For fatty acid composition data, the magnitude of validity coefficients (z) for SFA, PUFA, PUFA:SFA ratios and ω-6 FAs by all 3 methods were not significantly different (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the MLS-FFQ was shown to be a valid tool to assess population dietary intakes.

A Food Frequency Questionnaire for Hemodialysis Patients in Bangladesh (BDHD-FFQ): Development and Validation

“…It is essential that the development of an FFQ should be synchronized with locally consumed food databases to be relevant to health management [72]. Furthermore, the food items in the database should reflect seasonal availability [23,25].…”

Spillover Effects of a Family-Based Childhood Weight-Management Intervention on Parental Nutrient Biomarkers and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

“…Dietary and endogenous metabolism biomarkers were measured in fasting plasma and RBC samples collected from the parents both pre- and post-intervention. Dietary biomarkers included plasma carotenoid concentrations (pigmented fruit and vegetable intake) ( 41 ); fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K (animal foods, fortified foods, supplements, and/or vegetable oils) ( 42 ); and RBC fatty acid profiles including linoleic [18:2n–6] and α-linolenic [18:3n–3] (vegetable oils) ( 43 ); eicosapentaenoic [EPA, 20:5n–3], docosapentaenoic [DPA, 22:5n–3], and docosahexaenoic [DHA, 22:6n-3] (fish) ( 44 ); pentadecanoic [15:0] (products containing dairy fat) ( 45 ); and trans fatty acids (ruminant/partially hydrogenated fat) ( 46 ). Endogenously synthesized SFA, MUFA, and PUFA n–6 profiles were also measured, and desaturase enzyme indices estimated to reflect de novo lipogenesis (DNL) ( 47 ).…”