Provincial Dietary Intake Study (PDIS): Micronutrient Intakes of Children in a Representative/Random Sample of 1- to &lt;10-Year-Old Children in Two Economically Active and Urbanized Provinces in South Africa

Senekal, Marjanne; Nel, Johanna H.; Malczyk, Sonia; Drummond, Linda; Steyn, Nelia P.

doi:10.3390/ijerph17165924

Cited by 12 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Having fewer unhealthy items in the home may also encourage children and adolescents to consume more F&V and lean meats [57]. This is important given that a number of national surveys in South Africa have shown that F&V intake is below recommendations in all age groups [58,59]. For example, results from the South African Provincial Dietary Intake Survey in 1 to >10-year-old children showed that salty snacks contributed a third of total energy intake (maize porridge contributed most to total energy intake), while also being the top source of total fat and saturated fat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Food Environment of Primary School Learners in a Low-to-Middle-Income Area in Cape Town, South Africa

et al. 2021

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Rapid changes in food environments, where less nutritious foods have become cheaper and more accessible, have led to the double burden of malnutrition (DBM). The role food environments have played in shaping the DBM has attained global interest. There is a paucity of food environment research in low-to-middle-income countries. We conducted a case study of the food environments of school aged learners. A primary school in Cape Town was recruited. A multi-method design was used: a home food and eating behaviours questionnaire completed by 102 household respondents and four questions completed by 152 learners; learner participatory photography; a semi-structured school principal interview; a tuckshop inventory; observation of three-day tuckshop purchases. Foods that were commonly present in households: refined carbohydrates, fats/oils, chicken, processed meats, vegetables, fruit, legumes, snacks/drinks. Two thirds of households had rules about unhealthy drinks/snacks, ate supper together and in front of the TV, ate a home cooked meal five–seven times/week and ate breakfast together under two times/week. Vegetables were eaten under two times/week in 45% of households. A majority of learners (84%) took a lunchbox to school. Twenty-five learners photographed their food environment and 15 participated in semi-structured interviews. Six themes emerged: where to buy; what is available in the home; meal composition; family dynamics; peer engagement; food preparation. Items bought at informal food outlets included snacks, drinks and grocery staples. The principal interview revealed the establishment of a healthy school food environment, including a vegetable garden, although unhealthy snacks were sold at the tuckshop. Key dimensions of the food environment that require further investigation in disadvantaged urban and informal settlement areas include the home availability of unhealthy foods, eating behaviours in households and healthfulness of foods sold by informal food outlets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Food Environment of Primary School Learners in a Low-to-Middle-Income Area in Cape Town, South Africa

et al. 2021

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“…In South Africa, it has been shown that refined maize meal is the staple food in the black African population and there is a higher intake of refined maize meal consumption in GTG than in WC. Consumption of white bread is the second most common high-energy commercial food which is also commonly consumed in both provinces although to a greater extent in the WC [24,25,46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Has Food Security and Nutritional Status Improved in Children 1–<10 Years in Two Provinces of South Africa between 1999 (National Food Consumption Survey) and 2018 (Provincial Dietary Intake Study (PDIS))

Steyn

Nel

Drummond

et al. 2022

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The 1999 National Food Consumption Survey in South Africa showed that food insecurity (hunger) was prevalent in households with children aged one to <10 years. A repeat of the survey in two provinces: Gauteng (GTG) and the Western Cape (WC) was undertaken in 2018. Results showed that in all domains (living areas) in GTG, food shortage prevalence decreased between 1999 and 2018, from 55.0% to 29.6% in urban informal areas, from 34.1% to 19.4% in urban formal areas and from 42.1% to 15.6% in rural areas. While the prevalence of food shortage in urban formal areas in the WC remained similar in 2018, prevalence decreased from 81.8% to 35.7% in urban informal areas and from 38.3% to 20.6% in rural areas. Energy and macronutrient intakes improved significantly in GTG between 1999 and 2018 but not in the WC; intakes were significantly higher in the WC at both time points. The only significant change in stunting, wasting, overweight and obesity prevalence was that 7–<10-year-olds in GTG were significantly more likely to be wasted (BAZ < 2SD) in 2018 than in 1999 (20.2% versus 6.9% respectively). In the WC, 1–3-year-olds were significantly more likely to be obese in 2018 than in 1999 (8.1% versus 1.7% respectively) and 7–<10-year-olds were less likely to be stunted (14.5% versus 4.9% respectively). There were significant negative correlations between the hunger score and dietary variables in both provinces in 1999. In GTG in 2018, only the correlation with fat intake remained while there were still several significant correlations in WC in 2018. Changes in top 12 energy contributors reflect a shift to high or moderate energy foods low in nutrients from 1999 to 2018. Nutrient dense (high micronutrients, low energy/g) foods (e.g., fruit) fell off the list in 2018. Logistic regression analyses reflect the importance for food security of having a parent as head of the household and/or caregiver, and parents having grade 12 or higher education and being employed. We conclude that food security nutritional status indicators improved amongst 1–<10-year-old children especially in GTG between 1999 and 2018. However, the shift to poorer food choices and increase in wasting in older children and overweight in younger children are of concern.

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“…Dietary fiber intake was consistently below the EAR in all year groups. South African children have been shown to not meet the fruit and vegetable intake recommendations, be more likely to eat white rather than brown bread, to eat energy-dense nutrient-poor foods or snacks, i.e., salty snacks (crisps), sweet snacks (sweets, chocolate, cake, biscuits) and to drink sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), contributing to energy, carbohydrate and fat intake, without providing fiber [ 18 , 19 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. Added sugar and trans-fat intakes also increased with age, but the increase was notably more prominent between the 1- and 2-year-olds, reflecting the possible increased exposure to energy-dense foods and drinks from two years of age onwards.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mean ± Standard Deviation Intake Values for 1–<10-Year-Old South African Children for Application in the Assessment of the Inflammatory Potential of Their Diets Using the DII® Method: Developmental Research

et al. 2021

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This study aimed to develop a set of mean ± standard deviation (SD) intake values for South African (SA) children for 36 of the 45 food parameters included in the original Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) tool. The SA food composition database contains 30 of the 45 food parameters included in the original DII®, and a supplementary database was developed for six of the food parameters not included in the SA database. The SA child mean ± SD intake of macronutrients, micronutrients and select flavonoids was calculated by age in years, using eight data sets from dietary surveys conducted in SA in the last three decades. A total sample of 5412 children was included in the calculation of the mean ± SD. The current study sample was determined to be representative of 1–<10-year-old children in SA, and the plausibility of the mean intake values was confirmed by being in line with age-appropriate recommendations. Furthermore, an increase in energy, macronutrient, and most micronutrient intakes with increase in age was evident. The generated mean ± SD values for SA children can be used for calculation of the inflammatory potential of the dietary intake of SA children in the age range of 1–<10-year-old children.

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Provincial Dietary Intake Study (PDIS): Micronutrient Intakes of Children in a Representative/Random Sample of 1- to <10-Year-Old Children in Two Economically Active and Urbanized Provinces in South Africa

Cited by 12 publications

References 36 publications

The Food Environment of Primary School Learners in a Low-to-Middle-Income Area in Cape Town, South Africa

The Food Environment of Primary School Learners in a Low-to-Middle-Income Area in Cape Town, South Africa

Has Food Security and Nutritional Status Improved in Children 1–<10 Years in Two Provinces of South Africa between 1999 (National Food Consumption Survey) and 2018 (Provincial Dietary Intake Study (PDIS))

Mean ± Standard Deviation Intake Values for 1–<10-Year-Old South African Children for Application in the Assessment of the Inflammatory Potential of Their Diets Using the DII® Method: Developmental Research

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