Proviral HIV-1 DNA in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of HIV-1-infected Patients in Various Stages of HIV Disease

Matičič, Mojca; Poljak, Mario; Kramar, Barbara; Tomažič, Janez; Vidmar, Ludvik; Zakotnik, Branko; Skalerić, U

doi:10.1177/00220345000790071101

Cited by 51 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Consistently across studies, salivary HIV-1 is positively associated with plasma HIV-1 viral load with Pearson's correlation coefficients ranging from 0.21 to 0.51 4 7 11. Other factors commonly associated with plasma HIV levels, such as blood CD4 count, antiretroviral therapy (ART) and stage of disease, are inconsistently associated with oral shedding of HIV-1 9 13 14.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

HIV shedding in the oral cavity: an assessment of HIV type, immunovirologic, demographic and oral factors

Pavlinac

Hawes²,

Gottlieb

et al. 2012

Sex Transm Infect

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Objective To quantify the prevalence and burden of HIV type 2 (HIV-2) and HIV-1 RNA in the oral cavity of antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected Senegalese individuals and to identify correlates of oral HIV viral loads. Design A cross-sectional study of 163 HIV-1 and 27 HIV-2-infected antiretroviral therapy-naive Senegalese adults. Methods Participants received clinical and oral exams and provided blood and oral wash samples for viral load and plasma CD4 count ascertainment. Logistic and interval regression models were used to identify univariate and multivariable associations between presence and level of oral HIV RNA and various immunovirologic, local and demographic factors. Results Presence of detectable oral HIV RNA was less common in HIV-2-infected compared with HIV-1-infected study participants (33% vs 67%, OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.59). HIV type was no longer associated with oral shedding of HIV when plasma viral load was considered. Detection of oral HIV RNA was associated with increased plasma viral load in both HIV-1-infected and HIV-2-infected individuals (HIV-1, OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.61; HIV-2, OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.39). Oral HIV-1 detection was also associated with periodontal disease (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.16 to 7.87). Conclusions Oral shedding of HIV-2 RNA is less common than HIV-1 RNA, a likely consequence of lower overall viral burden. Both systemic and local factors may contribute to shedding of HIV in the oral cavity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

HIV shedding in the oral cavity: an assessment of HIV type, immunovirologic, demographic and oral factors

Pavlinac

Hawes²,

Gottlieb

et al. 2012

Sex Transm Infect

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show abstract

“…Moreover, it was recently demonstrated that P. gingivalis could up-regulate CCR5 in oral keratinocytes (31) and thus facilitate the subsequent infection of HIV into permissive cells such as macrophages in a CCR5-dependent manner (32). In addition, there was a significant correlation between the clinical stage of periodontitis and the HIV-1 proviral DNA load in gingival crevicular fluid as well as the HIV-1 RNA viral load in plasma (33,34) and saliva (34). More P. gingivalis organisms were found in the HIV-1-positive individuals than in the otherwise healthy controls (35,36).…”

Section: Reactivation Of Latent Hiv-1 Infection By the Periodontopathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactivation of Latent HIV-1 Infection by the Periodontopathic Bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis Involves Histone Modification

Imai

Ochiai

Okamoto

2009

The Journal of Immunology

121

139

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Latently infected cells harbor the HIV-1 proviral DNA genome primarily integrated into heterochromatin, allowing the persistence of transcriptionally silent proviruses. Hypoacetylation of histone proteins by histone deacetylases (HDAC) is involved in the maintenance of HIV-1 latency by repressing viral transcription. In addition, periodontal diseases, caused by polymicrobial subgingival bacteria including Porphyromonas gingivalis, are among the most prevalent infections of mankind. Here we demonstrate the effects of P. gingivalis on HIV-1 replication. This activity could be ascribable to the bacterial culture supernatant but not to other bacterial components such as fimbriae or LPS. We found that this HIV-1-inducing activity was recovered in the lower molecular mass (<3 kDa) fraction of the culture supernatant. We also demonstrated that P. gingivalis produces high concentrations of butyric acid, acting as a potent inhibitor of HDACs and causing histone acetylation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that the corepressor complex containing HDAC1 and AP-4 was dissociated from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat promoter upon stimulation with bacterial culture supernatant concomitantly with the association of acetylated histone and RNA polymerase II. We thus found that P. gingivalis could induce HIV-1 reactivation via chromatin modification and that butyric acid, one of the bacterial metabolites, is responsible for this effect. These results suggest that periodontal diseases could act as a risk factor for HIV-1 reactivation in infected individuals and might contribute to the systemic dissemination of the virus.

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“…3,15,48-58 These include technologies used for high-throughput tests conducted in clinical laboratories, as well as rapid, single-sample tests for POC or home-testing devices. As is seen for other infectious diseases, salivary antibody diagnostics for HIV are as effective as blood-based diagnostics.…”

Section: Major Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting viruses by using salivary diagnostics

Corstjens¹,

Abrams²,

Malamud³

2012

The Journal of the American Dental Association

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Background Diagnostics that involve the use of oral fluids have become increasingly available commercially in recent years and are of particular interest because of their relative ease of use, low cost and noninvasive collection of oral fluid for testing. Types of Studies Reviewed The authors discuss the use of salivary diagnostics for virus detection with an emphasis on rapid detection of infection by using point-of-care devices. In particular, they review salivary diagnostics for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus and human papillomavirus. Oral mucosal transudate contains secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) A, as well as IgM and IgG, which makes it a good source for immunodiagnostic-based devices. Clinical Implications Because patients often visit a dentist more regularly than they do a physician, there is increased discussion in the dental community regarding the need for practitioners to be aware of salivary diagnostics and to be willing and able to administer these tests to their patients.

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Proviral HIV-1 DNA in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of HIV-1-infected Patients in Various Stages of HIV Disease

Cited by 51 publications

References 46 publications

HIV shedding in the oral cavity: an assessment of HIV type, immunovirologic, demographic and oral factors

HIV shedding in the oral cavity: an assessment of HIV type, immunovirologic, demographic and oral factors

Reactivation of Latent HIV-1 Infection by the Periodontopathic Bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis Involves Histone Modification

Detecting viruses by using salivary diagnostics

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