Proximal analysis and toxicity of extracts from young and mature leaves of the boldo tree (Peumus boldus) on elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola)

Abstract

A series of pests have been detected in plantations and urban trees, affecting directly the economy and recreational areas. The elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola Müller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an insect pest that skeletonises the leaves of Ulmus spp., trees with a great ornamental value, which can become completely defoliated. The boldo tree (Peumus boldus Molina) is an evergreen plant endemic in Chile that contains secondary metabolites. Proximal analysis and insecticidal effects of extracts obtained from young and mature leaves with water and ethanol from P. boldus were evaluated at various concentrations on X. luteola under laboratory conditions in a completely randomized experiment considering two leaf maturity stages and solvents. Dry weight, water content, ash, and crude fiber leaf flour were significantly different between maturity stages, but the percentage of lipids and proteins were similar. Also, the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) was determined for each extract. The extracts obtained with both solvents were effective in controlling X. luteola adults in the laboratory, reaching over 50% average mortality at concentrations greater than 3.6% (w/v) in the young leaf extract and 4.0% (w/v) in the mature leaf extract. The lowest LC50 was 1.2% (w/v), obtained from the young leaf extract with ethanol after 48 h. This bioinsecticide from the leaves of P. boldus suggests an interesting opportunity for use in integrated pest management of X. luteola.

Bioactivity of a water extract of boldus (Peumus boldus Molina) against Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) and Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

“…(Chiffelle et al, 2011), and for third instar larva of Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval (Zapata et al, 2006) and fungicidal properties to Penicillum spp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus niger and A. flavus (Leite de Souza et al, 2005). However, the effect of this plant's extract on S. frugiperda and H. zea has never been reported, and thus the objective of the present report was to evaluate the biological activity of water extracts of boldo leaves on larva from these species under laboratory conditions.…”

Antifeedant and insecticidal effects of extracts from Melia azedarach fruits and Peumus boldus leaves on Xanthogaleruca luteola larvae

“…Plants produce secondary metabolites, such as terpenes, alkaloids, rotenones, flavonoids (Amri et al, 2013), which produce antifeedant effects, interfere in the development or behavior of the insect, and block vital processes, and can thus contribute to the regulation of their populations (Pugazhvendan et al, 2009). In X. luteola, leaf extracts of tree species such as chinaberry, Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae); pepper, Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae); and boldo, Peumus boldus Molina (Monimiaceae) have been tested on adults, showing promissory results (Huerta et al, 2010;Chiffelle et al, 2011a;2011b;. Melia azedarach is native to Iran, India, and China (Sharma and Paul, 2013).…”

“…Likewise, P. boldus, an endemic tree species of the Chilean sclerophyllous forest (Verdeguer et al, 2011;Vogel et al, 2011) has also been tested for its insecticidal and fungicidal properties (Bustos-Figueroa et al, 2009;Alpsoy, 2010) and antifeedant effect (Silva et al, 2013). Chiffelle et al (2011b) evaluated the toxicity of extracts from new and mature leaves of P. boldus in X. luteola adults, showing up 97% mortality; the same report estimated a LC50 of 1.2% w/v, 2 d after exposure. There are no reports on the activity from these extracts, neither M. azedarach nor P. boldus on X. luteola larvae, considered the most harmful stage on elms (Soudi and Moharramipour, 2011).…”

“…Melia azedarach L. green fruits were collected from mature trees (> 30-yr-old) located in Antumapu Campus, College of Forest and Nature Conservation Sciences, whereas Peumus boldus Molina, either mature or new leaves, as described by Chiffelle et al (2011b), were collected from mature trees located at the College of Veterinary and Livestock Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago (33º34'S, 70º37'W), Region Metropolitana, Chile. Fruits and leaves (3 kg each) were dried in a forced air oven (Mod.…”

Toxicity of Boldo Peumus boldus Molina for Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Tribolium castaneum Herbst

“…Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Silva et al, 2010), as an extract against Xanthogaleruca luteola Müller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (Chiffelle et al, 2011), and as fungicide properties against Penicillum spp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus niger Thieg., and A. flavus Link (Leite de Souza et al, 2005). The leaves of P. boldus contain a group of boldine alkaloids that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties (Vogel et al, 1999).…”