Proximate Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Leaves from Three Varieties of Mulberry (Morus sp.): A Comparative Study

Iqbal, Shahid; Younas, Umer; Sirajuddin, Sirajuddin; Chan, Kim Wei; Sarfraz, Raja Adil; Uddin, Md. Kamal

doi:10.3390/ijms13066651

Cited by 170 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In addition, it has been shown that mulberry leaves contained various phytochemicals such as flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids etc. (Iqbal et al, 2012). Various studies have shown that natural phytochemicals in mulberry leaves could have various health improvement effects such as hypoglycemic (Mudra et al, 2007), hypolipidemic (Aramwit et al, 2011), antihypertensive effects (Yang et al, 2012), and…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition composition differences among steamed and freeze-dried mature silkworm larval powders made from 3 Bombyx mori varieties weaving different colored cocoons

Ji¹,

Kim²,

Kweon³

et al. 2016

International Journal of Industrial Entomology

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The mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori has been one of the most important domestic animals which have provided with silk fibers for weaving fabrics and a food for a protein and lipid source. In addition, various health improvement effects of diverse silkworm larval powders were reported. Recently we found that steamed and freeze-dried mature silkworm larval powder (SMSP) generated using white-jade (also known as Backokjam) silkworm variety extended healthspan and increased resistance to Parkinson's disease in animal models. Because the colors of cocoons in silkworm varieties were caused by altered signal transduction pathways transporting phytochemicals from intestinal lumens to silk glands, we performed the proximate, amino acid, mineral, carbohydrates, fatty acid, and cholesterol composition analyses of SMSPs of 3 silkworm varieties which were weaving light yellow, golden, and red cocoons. Although most of nutrient compositions among 3 SMSPs were similar, there were significant differences in certain amino acids, minerals, and fatty acid compositions. Red silk silkworm (RS)-SMSP had higher contents of crude proteins and total amino acids than other SMSPs. In addition, the ratio of n-3/ n-6 unsaturated fatty acids were higher than the other SMSPs. In contrast Golden silk silkworm (GS)-SMSP had higher ratio of potassium/sodium than the other SMSPs. These nutrient analysis results suggested that 3 SMSPs might have common and unique health improvement effects. Thus, further studies in the functionalities of the 3 SMSPs will reveal unknown their health improvements effects. Vol. 33, No. (1), pp. 6-14 (2016) threads were known to be caused by the accumulation of specific phytochemicals in silk glands, suggesting that silk glands in mature silkworm larvae with 3 different colors might have different nutrition components. Thus, we performed proximate, amino acid composition, mineral, carbohydrate, and fatty acid analysis to examine any difference among 3 silkworm varieties. Materials and MethodsSilkworm varieties, rearing methods, and steamed and freeze-dried mature larval powder (SMSP) processing protocols Three silkworm varieties were used in this study. Golden silk (GK) (Kang et al., 2007), Yeonnokjam (YNK) (Kang et al., 2007), and Red silk (RS) silkworms were reared with mulberry leaves at the NIAS campus in Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea.Mature silkworm larval powders were generated as previously published (Ji et al., 2015). Briefly, after steamed at 100°C for 130 min using an electric pressure-free cooking machine (Kum Seong Ltd., Boocheon, Korea), mature silkworm larvae were freeze-dried with a freeze-drier (FDT-8612, Operon Ltd. Kimpo, Korea) at -50°C for 24 h. The freeze-dried silkworm larvae were pulverized twice using a hammer mill (HM001, Korean Pulverizing Machinery Co. LTD., Incheon, Korea) and a disk mill (Disk Mill01, Korean Pulverizing Machinery Co. LTD) sequentially (Ji et al., 2015). Proximate analysis of SMSP generated from 3 silkworm varietiesThe amount of H2O in SMSPs generated from 3 different c...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition composition differences among steamed and freeze-dried mature silkworm larval powders made from 3 Bombyx mori varieties weaving different colored cocoons

Ji¹,

Kim²,

Kweon³

et al. 2016

International Journal of Industrial Entomology

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“…Total flavonoids and phenolics showed a linear relationship with antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC: R2 = 0.9070 and R2 = 0.8959, respectively), indicating that flavonoids and phenolics were the major contributors to the antioxidant capacity. Shahid et al, (2012) observed radical cation scavenging capacity and ferric ion reducing power and values ranged between 1.89-2.12, 6.12-9.89 and 0.56-0.97 mMTrolox equivalent/g of dried leaves, respectively. The antioxidant activity of leaf extracts was evaluated by measuring 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging activity, 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS•+) radical cation scavenging capacity and ferric ion reducing power and values ranged between 1.89-2.12, 6.12-9.89 and 0.56-0.97 mMTrolox equivalent/g of dried leaves, respectively.…”

Section: Phytochemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The contents of total phenolics (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC) and ascorbic acid (AA) ranged between 16.21-24.37 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, 26.41-31.28 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g and 0.97-1.49 mg/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity values ranged between 1.89-2.12, 6.12-9.89 and 0.56-0.97 mMTrolox equivalent/g of dried leaves, respectively (Shahid et al, 2012).In general, fresh mulberry showed higher contents of total phenolics (0.49-57 fold higher), flavonoids (0.02-162 fold higher), anthocyanins (6-12 fold higher) and antioxidant capacity (0.72-691 fold higher) compared to other products. Total flavonoids and phenolics showed a linear relationship with antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC: R2 = 0.9070 and R2 = 0.8959, respectively), indicating that flavonoids and phenolics were the major contributors to the antioxidant capacity (Senem et al, 2013).…”

Section: Phytochemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical Composition and Pharmacological Properties of Mulberry (Morus spp.) - A Review

Mahesh¹,

Vidhathri²,

Vidyashree³

et al. 2017

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci

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Mulberry leaves contains (g kg-.07 mg/100 gm, respectively. Concentrations of total phenolic compounds like tannins, alkaloids and saponins were within safe range. Analyses of mineral composition indicated that potassium was the main mineral of fruit followed by sodium and phosphorus. Carbohydrate content is highly significant in apical leaf (f<0.05) and less significant in middle and bottom leaf (f>0.05). Antioxidant activities ranged from 22.85-76.88 μmol/100g quercetin equivalents. Anti HIV and chemo-protective activities have also been reported. The wide range of important pharmacological activities including antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, hypocholesterolemic, nephroprotective and various other effects like adaptogenic effect, effect on hyperlipidemia, inhibition of melanin biosynthesis used in psychiatric disorder also in gut and airways disorders. The plant is a very good source of ascorbic acid of which over 90% is present in a reduced form, and also contains carotene, vitamin b1, folic acid, folinic acid, isoquercetin, quercetin, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. Due to its chemical composition and pharmacological functions it is being utilized as a medicinal plant. Many active compounds isolated from the mulberry plants which used as medicines. Biochemical compounds such as Moranolin, Moran (glycopeptides), hydrophobic flavonoids (flavones and flavonone), 2-Arylbenzofuran and Ethanolic extract, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Carotenoids, Vitamins A, C, E, Ethyl acetate, γ -aminobutyric acid, Flavanics are isolated from different parts of mulberry plants which play a vital role in hypoglycemic activity, anti-obesity action, lipid-lowering action, antioxidants action, anti-inflammatory actions, antiallergic action, vasoactive action, neuroprotective action, anticancer action. Mulberry plants are identified for their profitable health consequences and therefore attracted the attention of the pharmaceutical industry. The main objective of present reviews to provide the active principles of mulberry plants.

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“…5 The major constituents of plant leaves include Chalcomoracin, Morachalcone A-C and flavanoids such as Luteolin, Rutin and Chlorogenic acid. [6][7][8] Hence, the present study is aimed at screening of extracts prepared using solvents with increasing polarity from theMorus alba leaves for their potential to inhibit free radicals (anti-oxidant activity) as well as to protect the DNA from free radical induced breaks (anti-clastogenic activity).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Assessment of the Anti-oxidant and Anti-clastogenic Activity of Morus alba Leaves

Raj

Mruthunjaya

Madhunapantula

et al. 2016

FRA

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Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and anti-clastogenic activity of fractions extracted from Morusalba (Moraceae) leaves. Methods: The leaves of Morus alba were sequentially extracted using n-Hexane, Petroleum Ether, Ethyl Acetate, Methanol and Water, and Total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteau (FC) reagent. The anti-oxidant property of each fraction was determined using 2-Deoxy-D-ribose, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, anti-clastogenic potential of these fractions was determined using calf-thymus DNA in the presence of Fenton's reagent followed by analyzing the samples by agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: All fractions showed the presence of varied amounts of total phenols and exhibited anti-oxidant activity as determined by scavenging the corresponding radicals. Among these fractions the methanol fraction (MEMA) showed the maximum phenol content as well as anti-oxidant activity. In addition MEMA could inhibit the breakage of DNA strands (anti-clastogenic activity) compared to other fractions tested. Discussion: Results of this study suggests that MEMA is likely to possess better antioxidant and anti-clastogenic activity.

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Proximate Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Leaves from Three Varieties of Mulberry (Morus sp.): A Comparative Study

Cited by 170 publications

References 48 publications

Nutrition composition differences among steamed and freeze-dried mature silkworm larval powders made from 3 Bombyx mori varieties weaving different colored cocoons

Nutrition composition differences among steamed and freeze-dried mature silkworm larval powders made from 3 Bombyx mori varieties weaving different colored cocoons

Biochemical Composition and Pharmacological Properties of Mulberry (Morus spp.) - A Review

Comparative Assessment of the Anti-oxidant and Anti-clastogenic Activity of Morus alba Leaves

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