Prudent Use of Antimicrobials in Exotic Animal Medicine

Broens, Els M.; Geijlswijk, Ingeborg M. van

doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2018.01.014

Cited by 21 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Both domesticated and exotic pets present recognised risks to public health and safety as transmitters of zoonotic disease [ 9 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 ], and sources of antimicrobial resistance [ 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 ]. Human illnesses associated with domesticated species are generally within the familiar purview of ordinary veterinarians and medical doctors, thus facilitating relatively efficient diagnoses and treatments [ 87 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turning Negatives into Positives for Pet Trading and Keeping: A Review of Positive Lists

Toland¹,

Bando²,

Hamers

et al. 2020

Animals

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The trading and keeping of exotic pets are associated with animal welfare, conservation, environmental protection, agricultural animal health, and public health concerns and present serious regulatory challenges to legislators and enforcers. Most legislation concerning exotic pet trading and keeping involves restricting or banning problematic species, a practice known as “negative listing”. However, an alternative approach adopted by some governments permits only the keeping of animals that meet certain scientifically proven criteria as suitable in respect of species, environmental, and public health and safety protections. We conducted an evaluation of positive lists for the regulation of pet trading and keeping within the context of the more prevalent system of restricting or prohibiting species via negative lists. Our examination of international, national, and regional regulations in Europe, the United States, and Canada found that criteria used for the development of both negative and positive lists were inconsistent or non-specific. Our online surveys of governments received limited responses, although telephone interviews with officials from governments either considering or developing positive lists provided useful insights into their attitudes and motivations towards adopting positive lists. We discuss key issues raised by civil servants including perceived advantages of positive lists and anticipated challenges when developing lists of suitable species. In addition, we compare functions of negative and positive lists, and recommend key principles that we hope will be helpful to governments concerning development and implementation of regulations based on positive lists.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turning Negatives into Positives for Pet Trading and Keeping: A Review of Positive Lists

Toland¹,

Bando²,

Hamers

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex One Health issue, driven by use and complicated by the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in humans and animals [ 1 ]. Long durations of antimicrobial use (AMU), insufficient dosing, inappropriate drug selection, and poor compliance to treatment regimens foster the potential for treatment failure, as well as emergence and spread of resistant bacteria [ 2 ]. Considerable effort must be made to minimize the development of resistant organisms by optimizing AMU, thereby limiting use to situations where antimicrobials are necessary, and where the benefits of administering antimicrobials are clear and significant [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In an effort to mitigate AMR in veterinary practice, guidelines and recommendations to improve use of antimicrobials have been developed by veterinary associations around the globe covering a wide range of major species [ 2 ], but typically focusing on food producing animals and common companion animals (dogs and cats) [ 1 , 2 ]. Antimicrobial use guidelines for less common species, including exotic, backyard small ruminant, and small flock species remain largely unavailable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial treatment for exotic species, backyard ruminants and small flocks: a narrative review highlighting barriers to effective and appropriate antimicrobial treatment

et al. 2022

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Antimicrobial resistance is a complex One Health issue that exists in both human and veterinary medicine. To mitigate this ever-growing problem, efforts have been made to develop guidelines for appropriate antimicrobial use (AMU) across sectors. In veterinary medicine, there are notable literature gaps for proper AMU in minor species. We conducted a structured narrative review covering the years of July 2006 – July 2021 to find antimicrobial treatments for common bacterial infections in exotic (birds, rodents, reptiles, and others), small flock (chickens, turkeys, and other fowl), and backyard small ruminant (sheep and goats) species. We retrieved a total of 4728 articles, of which 21 articles met the criteria for our review. Studies were grouped according to species, syndrome, and body system affected. Other data extracted included the bacterial pathogen(s), treatment (active ingredient), and geographical origin. Body systems reported included: intra-oral (n = 4), gastrointestinal (n = 1), respiratory (n = 2), reproductive (n = 1), skin (n = 3), aural (n = 1), ocular (n = 4), and other/multisystem (n = 5). By species, our search resulted in: rabbit (n = 5), rat (n = 2), guinea pig (n = 1), chinchilla (n = 1), guinea pig and chinchilla (n = 1), avian species (n = 1), psittacine birds (n = 2), loris and lorikeets (n = 1), turtles (n = 2), lizards (n = 1), goats (n = 2) and sheep (n = 2). The results of our findings identified a distinct gap in consistent antimicrobial treatment information for commonly encountered bacterial conditions within these species. There is a persisting need for clinical trials that focus on antibacterial treatment to strengthen the evidence base for AMU within exotic, small flock, and backyard small ruminant species.

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“…Lack of knowledge of the underlying pathogen may render these interventions ineffective, in addition to dysbiosis leading to complications such as anorexia and diarrhoea [15]. Guinea pigs are sensitive to fatal dysbiosis associated with antibiotic use of penicillin, macrolides and lincosamides [16,17,18]. Accurately identifying a causative microorganism is time consuming and lacks feasibility when a patient is experiencing an acute infection [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of Owner-Reported Bacterial Infections in Pet Guinea Pigs

Roberts-Steel

Oxley²,

Carroll

et al. 2019

Animals

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Simple SummaryGuinea pigs are common pets but are susceptible to a range of diseases, some of which can be rapidly fatal without prompt veterinary attention. Bacterial infections are one cause of respiratory and gastrointestinal disease in guinea pigs, but few studies have reported how commonly these infections occur in pet guinea pigs or which types of bacterial infection are most often seen. A survey of guinea pig owners was conducted to assess the types of infections and signs of illness pet guinea pigs had suffered from. From the 524 responses it was determined that just under 40% of owners reported that their guinea pig had been diagnosed with a bacterial infection by their veterinarian. Upper respiratory tract infections were most common followed by urinary tract infections and gastrointestinal infections. Guinea pigs may not tolerate some antimicrobial drugs well due to disruption of the bacteria within their gut, therefore treatment of these types of infection can be challenging even if diagnosed early. Based on the frequency of bacterial infections reported by owners in this study, it is suggested that guinea pig owners practice good hygiene and husbandry and remain vigilant for signs of ill health in their pets.AbstractDomestic guinea pigs suffer morbidity and mortality due to a range of bacterial infections amongst other causes. Microorganisms such as Bordetella bronchiseptica and Streptococcus pneumoniae are commonly implicated in respiratory disease; however, there is a lack of research surrounding the prevalence of these bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency with which owners reported bacterial infections in pet guinea pigs and to assess owner knowledge of correct husbandry practices to inform prevention of the development of bacterial infections. An online questionnaire, consisting of 30 questions was promoted to guinea pig owners. Of all respondents (n = 524), 39.39% reported that their guinea pig(s) had been clinically diagnosed with a bacterial infection, with upper respiratory tract infections the most commonly reported (46.95%), followed by urinary tract (15.49%) and then gastrointestinal infections (11.73%). Owners demonstrated knowledge of correct husbandry practices and there was no significant effect (p = 0.475) of owner knowledge on having owned a guinea pig with a bacterial infection. Bacterial infections may be more common in guinea pigs than was previously thought. Further research is required to understand why bacterial infections are common in pet guinea pigs and to help owners to prevent and recognize these infections.

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Prudent Use of Antimicrobials in Exotic Animal Medicine

Cited by 21 publications

References 22 publications

Turning Negatives into Positives for Pet Trading and Keeping: A Review of Positive Lists

Turning Negatives into Positives for Pet Trading and Keeping: A Review of Positive Lists

Antibacterial treatment for exotic species, backyard ruminants and small flocks: a narrative review highlighting barriers to effective and appropriate antimicrobial treatment

Frequency of Owner-Reported Bacterial Infections in Pet Guinea Pigs

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