Prussian Blue Analogues-Derived Molecularly Imprinted Nanozyme Array for Septicemia Detection

Abstract

Septicemia, a severe bacterial infection, poses significant risks to human health. Early detection of septicemia by tracking specific biomarkers is crucial for a timely intervention. Herein, we developed a molecularly imprinted (MI) TiO 2 −Fe−CeO 2 nanozyme array derived from Ce[Fe(CN) 6 ] Prussian blue analogues (PBA), specifically targeting valine, leucine, and isoleucine, as potential indicators of septicemia. The synthesized nanozyme arrays were thoroughly characterized using various analytical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, fieldemission scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray. The results confirmed their desirable physical and chemical properties, indicating their suitability for the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine serving as a colorimetric probe in the presence of a persulfate oxidizing agent, further highlighting the potential of these arrays for sensitive and accurate detection applications. The MITiO 2 shell selectively captures valine, leucine, and isoleucine, partially blocking the cavities for substrate access and thereby hindering the catalyzed TMB chromogenic reaction. The nanozyme array demonstrated excellent performance with linear detection ranges of 5 μM to 1 mM, 10−450 μM, and 10−450 μM for valine, leucine, and isoleucine, respectively. Notably, the corresponding limit of detection values were 0.69, 1.46, and 2.76 μM, respectively. The colorimetric assay exhibited outstanding selectivity, reproducibility, and performance in the detection of analytes in blood samples, including C-reactive protein at a concentration of 61 mg/L, procalcitonin at 870 ng/dL, and the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The utilization of Ce[Fe(CN) 6 ]-derived MITiO 2 − Fe−CeO 2 nanozyme arrays holds considerable potential in the field of septicemia detection. This approach offers a sensitive and specific method for early diagnosis and intervention, thereby contributing to improved patient outcomes.