Human lipoxygenases (LOXs) and their metabolites have a great impact on human homeostasis and are of interest for targeted drug design. This goal requires detailed knowledge of their structures and an understanding of structure-function relationship. At the moment, there are two complete crystal structures for mammalian LOX [rabbit 12/15LOX (r-12/15LOX) and human 5LOX (h-5LOX)] and a fragment of human 12LOX. The low-resolution structures in solution for various LOX isoforms have brought about controversial results. Here we explored the behavior of r-12/15LOX in aqueous solution under different conditions (salt and pH) by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and compared it with human platelet-type 12S-LOX (hp-12LOX) and h-5LOX. Thermodynamic calculations concerning the stability of molecular assemblies, thermal motion analysis [TLSMD (translation, libration, and screw rotation motion detection based on crystallographic temperature factor B j )], and results of SAXS analyses brought about the following conclusions: (i) in contrast to its crystal structure, r-12/15LOX functions as a monomer that dominates in solution; (ii) it dimerizes at higher protein concentrations in the presence of salt and with increasing degree of motional freedom of the N-terminal PLAT domain, as suggested by the Y98,614→ R double mutant; (iii) in aqueous solutions, hp-12LOX is stable as a dimer, in contrast to h-5LOX and r-12/15LOX, which are monomeric; and (iv) all three *Corresponding author. E-mail address: ewa.skrzypczak-jankun@utoledo.edu. Present address: A. M. Aleem, Biochemistry Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Abbreviations used: LOX, lipoxygenase; r-12/15LOX, rabbit 12/15LOX; h-5LOX, human 5LOX; SAXS, small-angle X-ray scattering; hp-12LOX, human platelet-type 12S-LOX; PDB, Protein Data Bank. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.04.035 J. Mol. Biol. (2011