“…Consequently, there is an imperative need to develop a retrieval system with a stronger ability to overcome the shortcomings of current systems when faced with inaccurate information, such as ambiguous, incomplete, and imprecise original queries. Pseudo‐relevance feedback (PRF) is an effective method of solving this problem by utilizing feedback information obtained based on the first‐pass retrieval results (for instance, Rocchio, ; Ksentini, Tmar, & Gargouri, ; Vaidyanathan, Das, & Srivastava, ; Zamani, Dadashkarimi, Shakery, & Croft, ; Ye & Huang, ; Lang, Metzler, Wang, & Li, ). The query expansion (QE) technique is one of the key approaches used in PRF to boost retrieval performance.…”