Pseudocowpox Virus: The Etiological Agent of Contagious Ecthyma (Auzdyk) in Camels (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>) in the Arabian Peninsula

Abubakr, Mustafa; Abuelzein, Eltayb; Housawi, F. M. T.; Abdelrahman, A. O.; Fadlallah, M.E.; Nayel, M. N.; Adam, A.S.; Moss, S. R.; Forrester, Naomi L.; Coloyan, E.R.; Gameel, A. A.; Al-Afaleq, A. I.; Gould, E. A.

doi:10.1089/vbz.2006.0627

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Another parapoxvirus has been described in red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) in New Zealand (reviewed in (Fleming and Mercer, 2007)). Viruses, which are closely related to PCPV and are sometimes called Azudyk virus or Camel contagious ecthyma virus, have been isolated from camels and might represent a PCPV subclade that has been adapted to camels (Abubakr et al, 2007). …”

Section: Parapoxvirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence

Haller¹,

Chen²,

McFadden³

et al. 2014

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

252

257

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Poxviruses as a group can infect a large number of animals. However, at the level of individual viruses, even closely related poxviruses display highly diverse host ranges and virulence. For example, variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is human-specific and highly virulent only to humans, whereas related cowpox viruses naturally infect a broad spectrum of animals and only cause relatively mild disease in humans. The successful replication of poxviruses depends on their effective manipulation of the host antiviral responses, at the cellular-, tissue- and species-specific levels, which constitutes a molecular basis for differences in poxvirus host range and virulence. A number of poxvirus genes have been identified that possess host range function in experimental settings, and many of these host range genes target specific antiviral host pathways. Herein, we review the biology of poxviruses with a focus on host range, zoonotic infections, virulence, genomics and host range genes as well as the current knowledge about the function of poxvirus host range factors and how their interaction with the host innate immune system contributes to poxvirus host range and virulence. We further discuss the evolution of host range and virulence in poxviruses as well as host switches and potential poxvirus threats for human and animal health.

show abstract

Section: Parapoxvirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence

Haller¹,

Chen²,

McFadden³

et al. 2014

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

252

257

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Camel contagious ecthyma (CCE), also known as Auzdik, Orf in camels and Pustular dermatitis is a contagious skin disease of camelids caused by a pox virus of the genus parapoxvirus (PPV), subfamily Chordopoxvirinae of the family Poxviridae . The disease has a worldwide distribution and has been reported in Mongolia [ 1 ], Kenya [ 2 ], Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan [ 3 ], Somalia [ 4 ], Sudan [ 5 – 7 ], Libya [ 8 ], Saudi Arabia [ 9 , 10 ], Bahrain [ 11 ] and India [ 12 ]. The disease is endemic in affected areas with variations in intensity of infection, morbidity and mortality rates and tends to occur annually in the rainy season, as the situation in Sudan and Saudi Arabia, affecting mostly young animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis of eight sudanese camel contagious ecthyma viruses based on B2L gene sequence

Khalafalla

El-Sabagh

Al-Busada

et al. 2015

Virol J

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundCamel contagious ecthyma (CCE) is an important viral disease of camelids caused by a poxvirus of the genus parapoxvirus (PPV) of the family Poxviridae. The disease has been reported in west and east of the Sudan causing economical losses. However, the PPVs that cause the disease in camels of the Sudan have not yet subjected to genetic characterization. At present, the PPV that cause CCE cannot be properly classified because only few isolates that have been genetically analyzed.Methods and resultsPCR was used to amplify the B2L gene of the PPV directly from clinical specimens collected from dromedary camels affected with contagious ecthyma in the Sudan between 1993 and 2013. PCR products were sequenced and subjected to genetic analysis. The results provided evidence for close relationships and genetic variation of the camel PPV (CPPV) represented by the circulation of both Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) and Orf virus (ORFV) strains among dromedary camels in the Sudan. Based on the B2L gene sequence the available CPPV isolates can be divided into two genetic clades or lineages; the Asian lineage represented by isolates from Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and India and the African lineage comprising isolates from the Sudan.ConclusionThe camel parapoxvirus is genetically diverse involving predominantly viruses close to PCPV in addition to ORFVs, and can be divided into two genetically distant lineages. Based on sequences of the B2L gene it is not possible to suggest that the viruses that cause CCE form a monophylogenetic group or species within the PPV phylogeny.

show abstract

“…In Iran, Mombeni [ 13 ] also reported 70 % morbidity and 6 % mortality rates aggravated by secondary bacterial infection and starvation due to mouth lesions. Contagious ecthyma was recently reported from Bahrain and Saudi Arabia [ 14 ], India [ 13 ] and Iran [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplex PCR for rapid diagnosis and differentiation of pox and pox-like diseases in dromedary Camels

Khalafalla

Al-Busada

El-Sabagh

2015

Virol J

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundPox and pox-like diseases of camels are a group of exanthematous skin conditions that have become increasingly important economically. Three distinct viruses may cause them: camelpox virus (CMLV), camel parapox virus (CPPV) and camelus dromedary papilloma virus (CdPV). These diseases are often difficult to differentiate based on clinical presentation in disease outbreaks. Molecular methods such as PCR targeting species-specific genes have been developed and used to identify these diseases, but not simultaneously in a single tube. Recently, multiplex PCR has gained reputation as a convenient diagnostic method with cost-and timesaving benefits.Methods and resultsIn the present communication, we describe the development, optimization and validation of a multiplex PCR assay able to detect simultaneously the genome of the three viruses in one single test allowing for rapid and efficient molecular diagnosis. The assay was developed based on the evaluation and combination of published and new primer sets and was validated with viral genomic DNA extracted from known virus strains (n = 14) and DNA extracted from homogenized clinical skin specimens (n = 86). The assay detects correctly the target pathogens by amplification of targeted genes, even in case of co-infection. The method showed high sensitivity, and the specificity was confirmed by PCR-product sequencing.ConclusionThis assay provide rapid, sensitive and specific method for identifying three important viruses in specimens collected from dromedary camels with varying clinical presentations.

show abstract

Pseudocowpox Virus: The Etiological Agent of Contagious Ecthyma (Auzdyk) in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Arabian Peninsula

Cited by 20 publications

References 4 publications

Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence

Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence

Phylogenetic analysis of eight sudanese camel contagious ecthyma viruses based on B2L gene sequence

Multiplex PCR for rapid diagnosis and differentiation of pox and pox-like diseases in dromedary Camels

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About