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Fine tube stents are used for maintaining localised flow in stenotic blood vessels. Elasticity and plasticity for expansion, rigidity for resisting bending under force and strength to prevent unexpected failure, are required properties of the tubes from which these stents are formed. Biomedical metastable β titanium alloys have been developed as implant materials for a large number of biomedical applications due to a combination of favourable characteristics, e.g. good biocompatibility, excellent toughness and corrosion resistance. A metastable β alloy, Ti-25Nb-3Mo-3Zr-2Sn, has been developed without toxic alloying elements, which is a promising candidate material for stent applications. Metallic materials used for stents are commonly not biodegradable and implanted in the vessel permanently, which may provoke in-stent restenosis and stent thrombosis. In order to remove the implanted materials after service, biodegradable materials, absorbed by the body slowly, are also a field of research interest. Magnesium alloys have been used in studies for biomedical stent applications as a new biodegradable material. Magnesium stents can reopen the blocked blood vessels temporarily before degrading in physiological environments. In addition to the biodegradable characteristics, their mechanical properties are reasonable. The Mg-3Al-1Zn (AZ31) alloy is the subject of some research on the processing of biomedical magnesium alloys as it is a commonly available commercial alloy. Consequently, the Ti-25Nb-3Mo-3Zr-2Sn alloy and the AZ31 magnesium alloy have been used in this thesis to investigate the evolution of mechanical properties and microstructure in the processing of fine tubes.The deformation mechanisms during cold deformation of metastable β titanium alloys are mainly associated with martensitic phase transformations and mechanical twinning. It has been reported that stress-induced phase transformations and {112}〈111〉, {332}〈113〉 twinning modes may be activated under different stress states in metastable β titanium alloys. They can exhibit varying elasticity, Young's modulus and strain hardening behaviour. Because the martensitic start temperature is below room temperature for most metastable β titanium alloys, the α″ martensitic transformation can easily occur under a small amount of external stress. Mechanical twins were reported to hinder slip and dislocation motion thereby increasing the strain hardening rate. The development of β and α″ texture during processing is another critical influence on the mechanical properties of fine tubes. Therefore, studies on the martensitic transformation, mechanical twins and texture evolution is of significance in order to understand the processing of β titanium fine tubes.ii Magnesium alloys deform through the formation of a large amount of mechanical twins due to the relatively low critical stress to activate twinning in comparison with 〈 + 〉 slip. There are typically two primary mechanical twinning modes for magnesium alloys, {101 ̅ 2} extension twins and {101 ̅ 1} cont...
Fine tube stents are used for maintaining localised flow in stenotic blood vessels. Elasticity and plasticity for expansion, rigidity for resisting bending under force and strength to prevent unexpected failure, are required properties of the tubes from which these stents are formed. Biomedical metastable β titanium alloys have been developed as implant materials for a large number of biomedical applications due to a combination of favourable characteristics, e.g. good biocompatibility, excellent toughness and corrosion resistance. A metastable β alloy, Ti-25Nb-3Mo-3Zr-2Sn, has been developed without toxic alloying elements, which is a promising candidate material for stent applications. Metallic materials used for stents are commonly not biodegradable and implanted in the vessel permanently, which may provoke in-stent restenosis and stent thrombosis. In order to remove the implanted materials after service, biodegradable materials, absorbed by the body slowly, are also a field of research interest. Magnesium alloys have been used in studies for biomedical stent applications as a new biodegradable material. Magnesium stents can reopen the blocked blood vessels temporarily before degrading in physiological environments. In addition to the biodegradable characteristics, their mechanical properties are reasonable. The Mg-3Al-1Zn (AZ31) alloy is the subject of some research on the processing of biomedical magnesium alloys as it is a commonly available commercial alloy. Consequently, the Ti-25Nb-3Mo-3Zr-2Sn alloy and the AZ31 magnesium alloy have been used in this thesis to investigate the evolution of mechanical properties and microstructure in the processing of fine tubes.The deformation mechanisms during cold deformation of metastable β titanium alloys are mainly associated with martensitic phase transformations and mechanical twinning. It has been reported that stress-induced phase transformations and {112}〈111〉, {332}〈113〉 twinning modes may be activated under different stress states in metastable β titanium alloys. They can exhibit varying elasticity, Young's modulus and strain hardening behaviour. Because the martensitic start temperature is below room temperature for most metastable β titanium alloys, the α″ martensitic transformation can easily occur under a small amount of external stress. Mechanical twins were reported to hinder slip and dislocation motion thereby increasing the strain hardening rate. The development of β and α″ texture during processing is another critical influence on the mechanical properties of fine tubes. Therefore, studies on the martensitic transformation, mechanical twins and texture evolution is of significance in order to understand the processing of β titanium fine tubes.ii Magnesium alloys deform through the formation of a large amount of mechanical twins due to the relatively low critical stress to activate twinning in comparison with 〈 + 〉 slip. There are typically two primary mechanical twinning modes for magnesium alloys, {101 ̅ 2} extension twins and {101 ̅ 1} cont...
Ni-free Ti alloys are a potential strategy to overcome the risk of Ni-adverse reactions and rigidity mismatch for implant materials. Here, we report the biological behavior induced for two promising candidate alloys--Ti19.1Nb8.8Zr (M(S) temperature of 46°C and elastic modulus of 74 GPa) and Ti41.2Nb6.1Zr (elastic modulus of 67 GPa)--on cultured MG63 cells, as well as their physical and chemical properties. Contact angle results revealed the hydrophobic character of the former alloy (59.02° ± 2.35°) attributed to the presence of the martensitic phase, while the latter one presented a hydrophilic response (67.77° ± 2.78°). Results showed also that the cell adhesion response (after 4 and 8 h of incubation) in both substrates was not statistically different to that obtained in the cp Ti as control material. These surfaces induced well spread cell morphology with cytoplasmic extension like filopodia of up to 100 μm even at short culture times and presented an uninterrupted proliferation after longer incubation times (9 days). A decrement in the proliferation rate was appreciated from the Ti19.1Nb8.8Zr surface at that time, which was attributed to an earlier activation of the cell differentiation stage, as confirmed by the twofold increment of alkaline phosphatase activity. The results also evidenced that the presence of a 2 nm thick layer of amorphous Nb₂O₅, which was detected on both alloys, has a significant effect on cell behavior favoring the cell adhesion and morphology response of the new alloys studied.
A study was undertaken on a Ti-25Nb-3Mo-3Zr-2Sn alloy using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in order to improve understanding of the precipitation reactions occurring during aging heat treatments. The investigation showed that isothermal ω phase can be formed in the cast and solution treated alloy at low aging temperatures. An exothermic peak in the temperature range of 300 to 400°C was detected for precipitation of the ω phase, with approximate activation energy of 176 kJ/mol. The ω phase begins to dissolve at temperatures around 400°C and precipitation of the α phase is favoured at higher temperatures between 400°C and 600°C. An exothermic peak with activation energy of 197 kJ/mol was measured for precipitation of the α phase. Deformation resulting in the formation of the stress induced α phase altered the DSC heating profile for the solution treated alloy. The exothermic peak associated with precipitation of the ω phase was not detected during heating of the deformed material and increased endothermic heating associated with recovery and recrystallisation was observed.
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