Background
Indonesia is a country that uses half or more aquatic foods as protein intake. The increased production in aquaculture industries might cause several problems, such as bacterial disease resulting in mass mortality and economic losses. Antibiotics are no longer effective because aquaculture pathogens can form biofilm. Biofilm is a microbial community that aggregates and firmly attaches to living or non-living surfaces. Biofilm formation can be caused by environmental stress, the presence of antibiotics, and limited nutrients. Therefore, it is important to explore antibiofilm to inhibit biofilm formation and/or eradicate mature biofilm. Phyllosphere bacteria can produce bioactive compounds for antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum sensing. Three aquaculture pathogens were used in this study, such as
Aeromonas hydrophila
,
Streptococcus agalactiae
, and
Vibrio harveyi
.
Results
Pseudomonas fluorescens
JB3B and
Morganella morganii
JB8F extracts could disrupt single and multi-species biofilms. Both extracts could inhibit single biofilm formation from one to seven days of incubation time. We confirmed the destruction activity on multi-species biofilm using light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Using GC-MS analysis, indole was the most active fraction of the
P. fluorescens
JB3B extracts and octacosane from the
M. morganii
JB8F extract. We also conducted a toxicity test using brine shrimp lethality assay on
P. fluorescens
JB3B and
M. morganii
JB8F extracts.
P. fluorescens
JB3B,
M. morganii
JB8F, and a mixture of both extracts were confirmed non-toxic according to the LC
50
value of the brine shrimp lethality test.
Conclusions
P. fluorescens
JB3B and
M. morganii
JB8F phyllosphere extracts had antibiofilm activity to inhibit single biofilm and disrupt single and multi-species biofilm of aquaculture pathogens. Both extracts could inhibit single species biofilm until seven days of incubation. Bioactive compounds that might contribute to antibiofilm properties were found in both extracts, such as indole and phenol.
P. fluorescens
JB3B,
M. morganii
JB8F extracts, and mixture of both extracts were non-toxic against
Artemia salina
.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-024-03544-6.