Psilocybin containing mushrooms: a rapidly developing biotechnology industry in the psychiatry, biomedical and nutraceutical fields

Experiences of psilocybin treatment for clinical conditions: A qualitative meta‐synthesis

“…Acutely, psilocybin causes profound dose-related alterations in perceptions, emotions and thought in humans, leading to its classification as a hallucinogen or psychedelic drug. These alterations are produced by manipulation of the serotoninergic system (Strauss et al, 2022). The effects of serotonergic hallucinogens such as psilocybin differ from psychotic experiences.…”

Global species diversity and distribution of the psychedelic fungal genus Panaeolus

“…The highest levels of psilocybin was regularly found to be in P. cyanescens fruiting bodies [ 8 , 93 , 106 ]. Furthermore, alkaloid detection studies for all of the other known related alkaloids [ 19 ] have not yet been published. Chemical methods to detect psilocybin and psilocin include gravity flow liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and capillary zone electrophoresis [ 37 , 57 , 93 , [98] , [99] , [100] , [101] , [102] , [103] , [104] , [105] ].…”

“…Upon legalization in several countries research into medicinal aspects are exploding with small to large pharmaceutical companies starting to invest significant resources to harness the therapeutic powers of psilocybin analogues and the fungi that produce them [ [19] , [20] , [21] ]. Whereas these compounds can be synthesized, it is the organic nature of consuming the mushrooms that naturally produce these compounds, which appeal most to the public.…”

“…A number of powerful psilocybin-producing species are also known in Panaeolus [ 22 ] with species shown to produce psilocybin, its psychoactive metabolite psilocin, and other related alkaloids [ 19 ]. Hence species of Panaeolus, typified by Panaeolus papilionaceus [ 23 , 24 ], are known for their notable health benefits and hallucinogenic properties [ [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] ].…”

“…P. antillarum and P. cyanescens have significant antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities [ 33 , 35 ], while P. cyanescens can also be anti-inflammatory [ 36 ]. Some species that are hallucinogenic include P. s ubbalteatus, P. cyanescens and P. cambodginiensis [ 5 , 19 , 37 ].…”