2586T h e ne w e ngl a nd jou r na l o f m e dicine
Pr esentation of C a seDr. Eric D. Gaier (Ophthalmology): A 50-year-old man with psoriatic arthritis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was seen at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary because of cloudy vision.The patient had been in his usual state of health until 3 days before this evaluation, when cloudy vision in both eyes developed gradually over the course of the day. Three days later, he sought medical attention at the emergency department of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. On arrival, he reported fatigue. He also reported that the rash, joint pain, and stiffness associated with his psoriatic arthritis had recently worsened.Sixteen years before this evaluation, the patient had had laser surgery for a retinal tear in the left eye. Ten months before this evaluation, he had had an episode of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia that led to an evaluation for and diagnosis of HIV infection, and he had begun taking antiretroviral medications 2 months before this evaluation. Six weeks before this evaluation, he had been admitted to another hospital because of hypotension, hyponatremia, pancytopenia, and acute kidney injury; the serum alkaline phosphatase level was elevated, the CD4 count and blood cortisol level were low, and blood cultures had no growth. Adrenal insufficiency, disseminated infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, and the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome were suspected. Antiretroviral medications were stopped, and azithromycin, rifabutin, ethambutol, hydrocortisone, and fludrocortisone were administered, as was trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole three times weekly. Two weeks before this evaluation, emtricitabine, tenofovir, ritonavir, and darunavir were again initiated. The patient had no known allergies. He lived with his husband, did not smoke tobacco or use illicit drugs, and drank alcohol socially.On examination, the patient was alert and oriented to person, place, and time. The pulse was 91 beats per minute, the blood pressure 121/77 mm Hg, the respiratory rate 20 breaths per minute, and the oxygen saturation 100% while he was breathing ambient air. Ophthalmologic examination revealed visual acuity of 20/25 in the right eye and 20/30 in the left eye. The pupils were equally round