Psychiatric comorbidity in gender identity disorder

Hepp, Urs; Kraemer, Bernd; Schnyder, Ulrich; Miller, Nina L.; Delsignore, Aba

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.08.010

Cited by 198 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Even if they have satisfying social and family contacts and are successful at work, the burden of their gender dysphoria may impede or even damage their functioning. A relationship between psychological or social impairment and GID is also suggested by reports on a relatively high prevalence of psychiatric problems among individuals with GID (e.g., Bodlund, Kullgren, Sundblom, & Höjerback, 1993;De Cuypere, Janes, & Rubens, 1995;Hepp, Kraemer, Schnyder, Miller, & Delsignore, 2005). This may have various causes.…”

Section: The Necessity Of the D Criterion For A Gid Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 88%

The DSM Diagnostic Criteria for Gender Identity Disorder in Adolescents and Adults

2009

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Apart from some general issues related to the Gender Identity Disorder (GID) diagnosis, such as whether it should stay in the DSM-V or not, a number of problems specifically relate to the current criteria of the GID diagnosis for adolescents and adults. These problems concern the confusion caused by similarities and differences of the terms transsexualism and GID, the inability of the current criteria to capture the whole spectrum of gender variance phenomena, the potential risk of unnecessary physically invasive examinations to rule out intersex conditions (disorders of sex development), the necessity of the D criterion (distress and impairment), and the fact that the diagnosis still applies to those who already had hormonal and surgical treatment. If the diagnosis should not be deleted from the DSM, most of the criticism could be addressed in the DSM-V if the diagnosis would be renamed, the criteria would be adjusted in wording, and made more stringent. However, this would imply that the diagnosis would still be dichotomous and similar to earlier DSM versions. Another option is to follow a more dimensional approach, allowing for different degrees of gender dysphoria depending on the number of indicators. Considering the strong resistance against sexuality related specifiers, and the relative difficulty assessing sexual orientation in individuals pursuing hormonal and surgical interventions to change physical sex characteristics, it should be investigated whether other potentially relevant specifiers (e.g., onset age) are more appropriate.

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Section: The Necessity Of the D Criterion For A Gid Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 88%

The DSM Diagnostic Criteria for Gender Identity Disorder in Adolescents and Adults

2009

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“…Population studies suggest a significantly higher prevalence despite the fact that it remains unknown how many people who identify as trans go on to seek cross-sex hormone treatment and/or gender-related surgery [3,4]. Research has already reported high levels of mental health problems, particularly depression and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), among the trans population [5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) refers to the direct and intentional injury of one's own body tissue without suicidal intent, such as cutting, burning, and hitting oneself, and has been found to function as a way to regulate emotions and also as a self-punishment [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Trans Youth

Arcelus

Claes

Witcomb

et al. 2016

The Journal of Sexual Medicine

108

102

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“…24 Few studies reported that GID subjects are more dissatisfied with their body than subjects nonaffected by GID, even with regard to nonsexual body parts and aspects. 25,26 As far as psychopathology is concerned, the results are mixed: whereas some studies have reported higher prevalence of Axis I and II Disorders, 27,28 others found no differences in the level of psychopathology between GID subjects and controls. [29][30][31][32] Only one study has focused on the prevalence of CM in male-to-female (MtF) GID subjects, reporting a higher prevalence of emotional abuse and neglect in comparison with psychiatric inpatients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%