“…Collaborative efforts between mental health professionals, primary care providers, and specialists in relevant medical fields are essential for conducting comprehensive assessments, developing integrated treatment plans, and facilitating coordinated care that addresses both psychiatric and physical health comorbidities. The high prevalence of comorbid substance use disorders in individuals with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia presents unique challenges for treatment and recovery ( 11 , 12 ). Substance use can exacerbate the severity of mood and psychotic symptoms, interfere with medication adherence, and contribute to increased risk of relapse and hospitalization.…”