Psychiatric diagnosis: A critique.

Zigler, Edward; Phillips, Leslie

doi:10.1037/h0040556

Cited by 139 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…As Loevinger (1957) and others (e.g., Meehl, 1992; Messick, 1995; Zigler & Phillips, 1961) have pointed out, attention to external validity issues in diagnostic systems typically follows the assessment of internal validity issues, and may not occur in earnest until the criteria have been in place for several years or more. This is clearly the case with most of the DSM—IV Axis II personality disorders (Jackson & Livesley, 1995), and it is certainly true of DPD.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependent personality disorder in the DSM-IV and beyond.

Bornstein¹

1997

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

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The DSM-IV dependent personality disorder (DPD) criteria are inconsistent with empirical research on dependency in several respects. DPD is associated with a wider range of disorders than is acknowledged in the DSM-IV, and is less prevalent in outpatient settings than the DSM-IV suggests. Contray to the assertions of the DSM-IV, women receive DPD diagnoses at higher rates than men do. TWO of the eight DSM-IV DPD symptoms are contradicted by empirical research on dependency, and two other symptoms have never been tested empirically. A revised set of DPD criteria is offered that (a) emphasizes the dependency-related cognitions central to DPD, (b) makes explicit the v u i a b i l i of the dependent person's relationshipfacilitating behavior, and (c) minimizes attachmsntrelated confounds that characterize the current DPD criteria.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependent personality disorder in the DSM-IV and beyond.

Bornstein¹

1997

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

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“…Classification is a fundamental part of organization in most fields (Keogh, 2005). Zigler and Phillips (1961) argue that there are three criteria important in determining the appropriateness of a classification scheme: homogeneity (the similarity of individuals in categories), reliability (consistency or agreement among who should be included in a category), and validity (how well category membership informs us about their characteristics). All three of these criteria will be at risk when errors in statistical classification are made.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Initially Misclassified Data on the Effectiveness of Discriminant Function Analysis and Finite Mixture Modeling

Holden

Kelley

2009

Educational and Psychological Measurement

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Classification procedures are common and useful in behavioral, educational, social, and managerial research. Supervised classification techniques such as discriminant function analysis assume training data are perfectly classified when estimating parameters or classifying. In contrast, unsupervised classification techniques such as finite mixture models (FMM) do not require, or even use if available, knowledge of group status to estimate parameters or classifying. This study investigates the impact of two types of misclassification errors on the classification accuracy of discriminant function analysis (both linear [LDA] and quadratic [QDA]) and FMM for two groups with a single predictor. Analytic and Monte Carlo results are provided for a variety of misclassification scenarios to investigate the performance of the two methods. Discriminant function techniques recovered the highest overall percentages of correctly classified data, whereas FMM captured higher percentages of the smaller group when group sizes are unequal. LDA marginally outperformed QDA under misclassified conditions.

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“…It is not the purpose of this paper to defend psychiatric diagnosis; the reliability, validity, and the process itself have been found lacking in many respects (Zigler & Phillips, 1961) and it is becoming increasingly difficult to justify the current system. Rather, the purpose of this paper has been to examine the claims and conclusions concerning psychiatric diagnosis as presented in Rosenhan's article, "On Being Sane in Insane Places."…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%