Psychiatric disorders among disaster bereaved: an interview study of individuals directly or not directly exposed to the 2004 tsunami

Kristensen, Pâl; Weisæth, Lars; Heir, Trond

doi:10.1002/da.20625

Cited by 73 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The estimated prevalence of CG was over 70%, much higher than documented prevalence of CG among the general population, which ranges from 2.5% to 25% (Kersting et al, 2011;Mizuno et al, 2012;Newson et al, 2011). It was also higher than findings in other post-disaster studies with rates between 37% and 45% (Johannesson et al, , 2009(Johannesson et al, , , 2011Kristensen et al, 2009;Neria et al, 2007;Shear et al, 2006). This is comparable only to one study conducted among 400 earthquake survivors in Iran, in which 76% of respondents were screened positive for CG (Ghaffari-Nejad et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Prevalence and risk factors of complicated grief among Sichuan earthquake survivors

Jiang

Chow

Shi

et al. 2015

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Prevalence and risk factors of complicated grief among Sichuan earthquake survivors

Jiang

Chow

Shi

et al. 2015

Journal of Affective Disorders

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“…For example, using face-to-face structured clinical interviews, Kristensen et al (2009) reported that the prevalence rates of PTSD and depression among the directly exposed bereaved individuals two years after the 2004 tsunami disaster were 34.4% and 25% respectively. Kuo et al (2003) investigated the prevalence of PTSD and major depression among 120 bereaved survivors aged 12 to 84 years old two months after a severe earthquake in Taiwan and reported that the prevalence rates of PTSD and depression were 37% and 16% respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among bereaved and non-bereaved survivors following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake

Chan¹,

Wang²,

Ho³

et al. 2012

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

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Many studies have suggested that unexpected death of a loved one is an important risk factor of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among disaster survivors, but few have examined the magnitude of psychiatric morbidities among bereaved survivors. This study examined the prevalence rates of clinically significant PTSD and depressive symptoms and their associated risk factors among Chinese adult survivors following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Two hundred and fifty-one bereaved adults were compared with 1474 non-bereaved adult survivors. The estimated rates of PTSD and depressive symptoms were 65.6% and 64.8% for those who lost first-degree family members, 34.1% and 45.5% for those who lost second-degree relatives, and 27.1% and 37.5% for non-bereaved survivors respectively. Loss of a child was a significant predictor of psychopathological symptoms. The results suggested that effective and sustainable mental health services were required, especially for bereaved single-child parents.

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“…In a study that involved survivors of loved ones lost in the September 11th attack, for example, approximately half of the bereaved participants who met criteria for CG did not meet criteria for any other category of psychopathology (Bonanno, Neria, et al, 2007). A recent study of Norwegians who lost first-degree family relations to the 2004 tsunami in Southeast Asia also confirmed the independence of CG reactions (Kristensen, Weisaeth, & Heir, 2009). Among those who lost family in the tsunami but were not directly exposed to the disaster (i.e., not in Asia at the time of the disaster), a small proportion (14.3%) developed CG.…”

Section: Prolonged and Traumatic Griefmentioning

confidence: 97%

Weighing the Costs of Disaster

Bonanno

Brewin

Kaniasty

et al. 2010

Psychol Sci Public Interest

986

443

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SummaryDisasters typically strike quickly and cause great harm. Unfortunately, because of the spontaneous and chaotic nature of disasters, the psychological consequences have proved exceedingly difficult to assess. Published reports have often overestimated a disaster's psychological cost to survivors, suggesting, for example, that many if not most survivors will develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); at the same time, these reports have underestimated the scope of the disaster's broader impact in other domains. We argue that such ambiguities can be attributed to methodological limitations. When we focus on only the most scientifically sound research-studies that use prospective designs or include multivariate analyses of predictor and outcome measures-relatively clear conclusions about the psychological parameters of disasters emerge. We summarize the major aspects of these conclusions in five key points and close with a brief review of possible implications these points suggest for disaster intervention.1. Disasters cause serious psychological harm in a minority of exposed individuals. People exposed to disaster show myriad psychological problems, including PTSD, grief, depression, anxiety, stress-related health costs, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation. However, severe levels of these problems are typically observed only in a relatively small minority of exposed individuals. In adults, the proportion rarely exceeds 30% of most samples, and in the vast majority of methodologically sound studies, the level is usually considerably lower. Among youth, elevated symptoms are common in the first few months following a high-impact disaster, but again, chronic symptom elevations rarely exceed 30% of the youth sampled.2. Disasters produce multiple patterns of outcome, including psychological resilience. In addition to chronic dysfunction, other patterns of disaster outcome are typically observed. Some survivors recover their psychological equilibrium within a period ranging from several months to 1 or 2 years. A sizeable proportion, often more than half of those exposed, experience only transient distress and maintain a stable trajectory of healthy functioning or resilience. Resilient outcomes have been evidenced across different methodologies, including recent studies that identified patterns of outcome using relatively sophisticated data analytic approaches, such as latent growth mixture modeling.3. Disaster outcome depends on a combination of risk and resilience factors. As is true for most highly aversive events, individual differences in disaster outcomes are informed by a number of unique risk and resilience factors, including variables related to the context in which the disaster occurs, variables related to proximal exposure during the disaster, and variables related to distal exposure in the disaster's aftermath. Multivariate studies indicate that there is no one single dominant predictor of disaster outcomes. Rather, as with traumatic life events more generally, most predictor variables exert small...

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Psychiatric disorders among disaster bereaved: an interview study of individuals directly or not directly exposed to the 2004 tsunami

Abstract: The dual burden of direct trauma and loss can inflict a complex set of long-term reactions and mental health problems in bereaved individuals. The relationship between PGD and impaired functioning actualizes the incorporation of PGD in future diagnostic manuals of psychiatric disorders.

Cited by 73 publications

References 41 publications

Prevalence and risk factors of complicated grief among Sichuan earthquake survivors

Prevalence and risk factors of complicated grief among Sichuan earthquake survivors

Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among bereaved and non-bereaved survivors following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake

Weighing the Costs of Disaster

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