Psychiatric Disorders Among Survivors of the Oklahoma City Bombing

North, Carol S.

doi:10.1001/jama.282.8.755

Cited by 803 publications

(566 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…These findings are consistent with earlier reports surrounding the survivors of other disasters such as the Oklahoma City bombing, wherein it was reported that 45% of the subjects had a post-disaster psychiatric illness and 34.3% had PTSD. 6 In contrast, in Israel, a constant threat of war and exposure to terrorism resulted in PTSD in 9.4% of residents, which was similar to that found after September 11 among New York residents. 1,7,8 However, the rate of PTSD in Israel is lower than the rates of PTSD reported for persons in the immediate vicinity of the WTC within 2 months after the September 11 attack.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Cardiac sequelae in Brooklyn after the September 11 terrorist attacks

Jin¹,

Lenihan²,

Johnson

et al. 2006

Clinical Cardiology

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Background: Terrorism, such as the attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) on September 11,2001, result in higher stress‐related disorders, especially in those persons in close proximity. Hypothesis: Cardiac events resulting from the September 11,2001 tragedy have not been detailed near the WTC. Methods: Patients admitted to the Telemetry and Coronary Care Units at New York Methodist Hospital 4 miles from the WTC 60 days prior to and after the September 11 attacks were analyzed. In all, 1,653 admissions were reviewed: 427 records pre 9/11/2001 and 422, 393, and 411 records in the post‐9/11/2001, pre‐9/11/2000, and post‐9/11/2000 data sets, respectively. Patients were categorized based on diagnosis: acute myocardial infarction (MI), unstable angina (UA), tachyarrhythmia (TA), and others (including syncope and congestive heart failure). Results: There was a significant difference in the proportion of the various cardiac diagnoses post 9/11/01 (p = 0.008 by chi‐square analysis). Compared with pre 9/11/2001, there were significantly more patients with acute MI (15.5 vs. 11.2%) and TA(19.9vs. 13.6%)but fewer with UA(39.6vs. 47.3%)after the terrorist attacks. The distribution of cardiac events during a similar period of time in 2000 revealed no such pattern. Conclusions: There was a significant increase in acute MI and TA and a smaller increase in UA after the September 11 attacks. The difference did not appear to be due to temporal variation. It appears that stress likely contributed to an increase in TA by itself or with ischemia, resulting in progression of UA to acute MI.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Cardiac sequelae in Brooklyn after the September 11 terrorist attacks

Jin¹,

Lenihan²,

Johnson

et al. 2006

Clinical Cardiology

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“…Many of the samples studied have been small and not representative of the affected community's population (Bromet & Dew, 1995). For example, North et al (1999) used a confidential registry of survivors from the Oklahoma City Bombing. Even though the sample was representative of the registry, the authors note that it overrepresented individuals who were close to the blast and was, therefore, not representative of Oklahoma City's population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social and psychological resources and health outcomes after the World Trade Center disaster

Adams

Boscarino

Galea

2006

Social Science & Medicine

101

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Previous studies on community disasters tend to assess non-representative samples and use nonstandard measures of well-being. Additionally, few of these studies are longitudinal in design. In this report, we examine the consequences of the World Trade Center Disaster (WTCD) within a stress model perspective to assess level of exposure to the disaster and well-being after this event, as measured by the SF12 mental health and physical health scales. Data come from a two-wave panel study of 1681 English or Spanish speaking adults living in New York City on the day of the terrorist attacks and were collected by telephone interviews 1 and 2 years after the disaster. In ordinary leastsquares regression models that contained demographic characteristics, stress risk factors, and social psychological resources as independent variables, level of exposure to the disaster was associated with poorer Wave 2 physical well-being, but not psychological health. Level of disaster exposure was not related to Wave 2 physical health, however, once the Wave 1 level of physical health was controlled, suggesting that disaster exposure did not have a lasting impact on variation in physical well-being. Results also indicated that experiencing a panic attack, negative life events, or traumatic events were related to poorer physical health. Respondents who met screening criteria for possible alcohol dependence post-disaster, experienced negative life events, or experienced traumatic events, were more likely to suffer from poorer mental health compared to those who did not meet the criteria, experience negative life events or experience traumas. We discuss these findings relative to community disasters in industrialized and developing countries.

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“…North et al, (1999) reported that those directly exposed to a mass disaster have a prevalence rate of 34% for a potential PTSD diagnosis. Six months after the Alfred Murrah Federal Building bombing in Oklahoma City, 45% of the survivors reported mental health needs, with 34% displaying PTSD (North et al, 1999). In spite of variations in the statistical data, all studies indicated that direct exposure to a traumatic event greatly increased the chances of developing PTSD.…”

Section: Ptsd Prevalence Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Federal Disaster Mental Health Response and Compliance with Best Practices

McIntyre¹,

Goff

2011

Community Ment Health J

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The purpose of this study was to review state disaster mental health response plans and actual disaster mental health responses to examine not only adherence to identified disaster mental health best practices, but also to highlight procedures being performed during deployment of disaster mental health response teams. This research study was developed to gain a thorough understanding of disaster mental health response in both the planning and implementation phases. Interviews with three state disaster mental health officials were completed and a review of each state's disaster mental health state plan was completed. The study investigated the A phenomenological approach was used to identify themes in disaster mental health response that should be considered for future disaster mental health planning. Each state's disaster mental health plan varied in compliance to identified best practices; however, it was noted that all states were more compliant to best practices in their response than in the written state disaster mental health state plan.Several themes for disaster mental health responses were identified that were not previously fully addressed in the published best practices. Such themes addressed issues in disaster mental health teams and training, local disaster mental health response, communication, research and data collection, relationships with external organizations, and long-term recovery. A phenomenological approach was used to identify themes in disaster mental health response that should be considered for future disaster mental health planning. Each state's disaster mental health plan varied in compliance to identified best practices; however, it was noted that all states were more compliant to best practices in their response than in the written state disaster mental health state plan.Several themes for disaster mental health responses were identified that were not previously fully addressed in the published best practices. Such themes addressed issues in disaster mental health teams and training, local disaster mental health response, communication, research and data collection, relationships with external organizations, and long-term recovery.This research may serve as a guide for those developing disaster mental health plans and encourage further considerations in disaster mental health response.vi

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Psychiatric Disorders Among Survivors of the Oklahoma City Bombing

Cited by 803 publications

References 23 publications

Cardiac sequelae in Brooklyn after the September 11 terrorist attacks

Cardiac sequelae in Brooklyn after the September 11 terrorist attacks

Social and psychological resources and health outcomes after the World Trade Center disaster

Federal Disaster Mental Health Response and Compliance with Best Practices

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