Psychiatric disorders as failures in the prediction machine

Yamashita, Yuichi

doi:10.1111/pcn.13173

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…80 In terms of neurochemical changes in the brain, MRS studies have reported that in subjects with schizophrenia and in those at high clinical risk, glutamatergic compound and GABA levels are increased in limbic areas, such as the basal ganglia, medial temporal lobe, and thalamus, as well as in specific cortical regions, suggesting that abnormalities in glutamate neurotransmission may be deeply involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia 81,82,83,84 Overall, neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies have revealed several differences in the brain structure and function of patients with schizophrenia. However, their usefulness as diagnostic tools have yet to be established; thus, further research, such as multicenter research 66 and biotype-based approaches 85 with multimodal imaging techniques 86 and applied computational psychiatry approaches 87,88,89 is expected. Another challenge in this field is to detect the link between biomarkers and recovery.…”

Section: Neuroimaging and Neurophysiological Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overall, neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies have revealed several differences in the brain structure and function of patients with schizophrenia. However, their usefulness as diagnostic tools have yet to be established; thus, further research, such as multicenter research 66 and biotype‐based approaches 85 with multimodal imaging techniques 86 and applied computational psychiatry approaches 87,88,89 is expected. Another challenge in this field is to detect the link between biomarkers and recovery.…”

Section: Pathophysiology Novel Treatments and Development Of Diagnost...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward recovery in schizophrenia: Current concepts, findings, and future research directions

Onitsuka

Hirano

Nakazawa

et al. 2022

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Schizophrenia was initially defined as “dementia praecox” by E. Kraepelin, which implies progressive deterioration. However, recent studies have revealed that early effective intervention may lead to social and functional recovery in schizophrenia. In this review, we provide an overview of current concepts in schizophrenia and pathophysiological hypotheses. In addition, we present recent findings from clinical and basic research on schizophrenia. Recent neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies have consistently revealed specific biological differences in the structure and function of the brain in those with schizophrenia. From a basic research perspective, to determine the essential pathophysiology underlying schizophrenia, it is crucial that findings from all lines of inquiry—induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived neural cells from patients, murine models expressing genetic mutations identified in patients, and patient clinical data—be integrated to contextualize the analysis results. However, the findings remain insufficient to serve as a diagnostic tool or a biomarker for predicting schizophrenia‐related outcomes. Collaborations to conduct clinical research based on the patients' and their families' values are just beginning, and further development is expected.

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Section: Neuroimaging and Neurophysiological Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathophysiology Novel Treatments and Development Of Diagnost...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward recovery in schizophrenia: Current concepts, findings, and future research directions

Onitsuka

Hirano

Nakazawa

et al. 2022

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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“…The lack of a definitive model of AVH remains a major concern. Of these models, a noteworthy theory-driven approach is the predictive-coding theory, where the brain is defined as a prediction machine that is based on an internal model of the world and interacts with the world using a computational rule of prediction-error minimization [9,55]. Failures in this predictive processing (because of an altered prediction machine) is thought to lead to psychotic symptoms, such as AVH [9].…”

Section: Caveats and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent findings on neurofeedback training for auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia

Hirano

Tamura

2021

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

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Purpose of review To provide recent evidence on real-time neurofeedback (NFB) training for auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in schizophrenia patients. Recent findings NFB is a promising technique that allows patients to gain control over their AVH by modulating their own speech-related/language-related networks including superior temporal gyrus (STG) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) using fMRI, fNIRS and EEG/MEG. A recent limited number of studies showed that while an EEG-based NFB study failed to regulate auditory-evoked potentials and reduce AVH, downregulation of STG hyperactivity and upregulation of ACC activity with fMRI-based NFB appear to alleviate treatment-resistant AVH in schizophrenia patients. A deeper understanding of AVH and development of more effective methodologies are still needed. Summary Despite recent innovations in antipsychotics, many schizophrenia patients continue to suffer from treatment-resistant AVH and social dysfunctions. Recent studies suggested that real-time NFB shows promise in enabling patients to gain control over AVH by regulating their own speech-related/language-related networks. Although fMRI-NFB is suitable for regulating localized activity, EEG/MEG-NFB are ideal for regulating the ever-changing AVH. Although there are still many challenges including logistic complexity and burden on patients, we hope that such innovative real-time NFB trainings will help patients to alleviate severe symptoms and improve social functioning.

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Heterogeneous Appetite Patterns in Depression: Computational Modeling of Nutritional Interoception, Reward Processing, and Decision-Making

Uchida,

Hikida,

Honda

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Accurate interoceptive processing in decision-making is essential to maintain homeostasis and overall health. Disruptions in this process have been associated with various psychiatric conditions, including depression. Recent studies have focused on nutrient homeostatic dysregulation in depression for effective subtype classification and treatment. Neurophysiological studies have associated changes in appetite in depression with altered activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system and interoceptive regions, such as the insular cortex, suggesting that disruptions in reward processing and interoception drive changes in nutrient homeostasis and appetite. This study aimed to explore the potential of computational psychiatry in addressing these issues. Using a homeostatic reinforcement learning model formalizing the link between internal states and behavioral control, we investigated the mechanisms by which altered interoception affects homeostatic behavior and reward system activity via simulation experiments. Simulations of altered interoception demonstrated behaviors similar to those of depression subtypes, such as appetite dysregulation. Specifically, reduced interoception led to decreased reward system activity and increased punishment, mirroring the neuroimaging study findings of decreased appetite in depression. Conversely, increased interoception was associated with heightened reward activity and impaired goal-directed behavior, reflecting an increased appetite. Furthermore, effects of interoception manipulation were compared with traditional reinforcement learning parameters (e.g., inverse temperature β and delay discount γ), which represent cognitive-behavioral features of depression. The results suggest that disruptions in these parameters contribute to depressive symptoms by affecting the underlying homeostatic regulation. Overall, this study findings emphasize the importance of integrating interoception and homeostasis into decision-making frameworks to enhance subtype classification and facilitate the development of effective therapeutic strategies.

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Psychiatric disorders as failures in the prediction machine

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

Toward recovery in schizophrenia: Current concepts, findings, and future research directions

Toward recovery in schizophrenia: Current concepts, findings, and future research directions

Recent findings on neurofeedback training for auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia

Heterogeneous Appetite Patterns in Depression: Computational Modeling of Nutritional Interoception, Reward Processing, and Decision-Making

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