Psychiatric Emergencies: The Check Effect Revisited

Catalano, Ralph; McConnell, William

doi:10.2307/2676380

Cited by 25 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A New England Journal of Medicine article described a cohort of veterans with schizophrenia whose cocaine positive urines, psychotic symptoms, and psychiatric hospitalizations were all more likely during the beginning of the month than in the middle (21). This so-called “check effect” has been demonstrated in a study of United States’ death certificates related to substance use (22), in people whose income is not from disability payments (23, 24) and in people using drugs other than cocaine (22, 25). …”

Section: Varying Effects Of Windfall Funds On Substance Abusementioning

confidence: 97%

Overview of Special Sub-section on Money Management Articles: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Money Management by Addicts

Rosen

2012

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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How addicts manage their funds can be understood from studies of the neurobiology of impulsive spending, contingency management, self-reported expenditures, behavioral economics and anthropology. To show how these differing perspectives can provide theoretical explanations for observed behavior, they were applied to the question of when extra “windfall” funds are spent on substances of abuse. The treatment implications of Behavioral Economic and related approaches include targeting behavioral mechanisms of substance use with money management-based interventions, configuration of reinforcers other than substance use, and therapeutically framing the choice between abstinence and alcohol use.

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Section: Varying Effects Of Windfall Funds On Substance Abusementioning

confidence: 97%

Overview of Special Sub-section on Money Management Articles: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Money Management by Addicts

Rosen

2012

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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“…Consistent with the evidence identifying a complex drug use-income relationship, and given the difficulty of observing drug use, a number of studies have linked monthly SA disbursement to cyclical and substantial increases in the risk of experiencing drug-related harms, including accidental overdose (Otterstatter, Amlani, Guan, Richardson, & Buxton, 2016; Riddell & Riddell, 2006; Verheul, Singer, & Christenson, 1997; Zlotorzynska et al, 2014), hospitalizations (Dobkin & Puller, 2007; Halpern & Mechem, 2001; Maynard C, 2000), drug-induced psychiatric emergency department visits (Catalano & McConnell, 1999; Pickett T, 2015), HIV and substance abuse treatment interruption (Anis et al, 2002; Chan et al, 2004; Svikis, Pickens, Schweitzer, Johnson, & Haug, 1999), and related burdens on health, social and police services (Brunette, Kominsky, & Ruiz, 1991; Li et al., 2007; Pickett T, 2015; Riddell & Riddell, 2006; Shaner et al, 1995; Verheul et al, 1997; Zlotorzynska et al, 2014). While the aforementioned studies used predominantly administrative data, studies examining the drug use-income relationship that directly account for drug use are rare.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Increased drug use and the timing of social assistance receipt among people who use illicit drugs

Krebs

Wang

Olding

et al. 2016

Social Science & Medicine

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Background The monthly disbursement of social assistance (SA) payments to people who use illicit drugs (PWUD) has been temporally associated with increases in drug-related harm. Yet, whether SA receipt changes drug use intensity compared to levels of use at other times in the month has not been established. We therefore examined this relationship among PWUD in Vancouver, Canada (2005–2013). Methods Data were derived from prospective cohorts of HIV-positive and HIV-negative PWUD. Every six months, participants were asked about their illicit drug use during the last 180 days and the past week. We determined whether SA receipt occurred within the assessment’s one-week recall period. We employed generalized estimating equations controlling for confounders to examine the relationship between SA receipt and the change in drug use intensity, defined as a 100% increase in the average times per day a given drug was used in the last week compared to the previous 6 months. We tested the robustness of this relationship by stratifying analyses by whether individuals primarily used stimulants, illicit opioids or engaged in polydrug use and examining the timing of SA receipt relative to date of assessment. Results Our study included 2,661 individuals (median age 36, 32% female) with 1,415 (53.2%) reporting SA receipt occurring within the one-week recall period of the assessment at least once. SA receipt was independently associated with intensified drug use (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 1.79; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.53, 2.09), and remained significant when stratified by primary use of stimulants (AOR: 1.87; 95% CI: 1.54, 2.26), opioids (AOR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.23, 3.13) and polydrug use (AOR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.10). Conclusion We found a temporal association between SA receipt and drug use intensification. While the health and social benefits of SA are significant, these findings suggest that alternative disbursement strategies, such as staggered or smaller and more frequent SA payments may be able to mitigate drug-related harm. Alternatives should be tested rigorously.

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“…In examining income effects on health, several types of income changes have been evaluated. These include sources such as regular earnings (19), paychecks (20), tax refunds (21), gaming profit disbursements (22), cash transfers (23), inheritances (24) and lottery winnings (25). For some of these differences in k , the distinction may be subtle.…”

Section: Potential Consistency Assumption Violations In Social Epidemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Consistency Assumption for Causal Inference in Social Epidemiology: When a Rose Is Not a Rose

2016

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The assumption that exposures as measured in observational settings have clear and specific definitions underpins epidemiologic research and allows us to use observational data to predict outcomes in interventions. This leap between exposures as measured and exposures as intervened upon is typically supported by the consistency assumption. The consistency assumption has received extensive attention in risk factor epidemiology but relatively little emphasis in social epidemiology. However, violations of the consistency assumption may be especially important to consider when understanding how social and economic exposures influence health. Efforts to clarify the definitions of our exposures, thus bolstering the consistency assumption, will help guide interventions to improve population health and reduce health disparities. This article focuses on the consistency assumption as considered within social epidemiology. We explain how this assumption is articulated in the causal inference literature and give examples of how it might be violated for three common exposure in social epidemiology research: income, education and neighborhood characteristics. We conclude that there is good reason to worry about consistency assumption violations in much of social epidemiology research. Theoretically motivated explorations of mechanisms along with empirical comparisons of research findings under alternative operationalizations of exposure can help identify consistency violations. We recommend that future social epidemiology studies be more explicit to name and discuss the consistency assumption when describing the exposure of interest, including reconciling disparate results in the literature.

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Psychiatric Emergencies: The Check Effect Revisited

Cited by 25 publications

References 12 publications

Overview of Special Sub-section on Money Management Articles: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Money Management by Addicts

Overview of Special Sub-section on Money Management Articles: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Money Management by Addicts

Increased drug use and the timing of social assistance receipt among people who use illicit drugs

The Consistency Assumption for Causal Inference in Social Epidemiology: When a Rose Is Not a Rose

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