“…These self-report and interviewer rating scales are based on symptom criteria that is geared to Western culture patients. As a result, use with non-Western cultures patients can result in faulty diagnoses because they do not sample culturally relevant symptoms and idioms of distress (e.g., Bertschy, Viel, & Ahyi, 1992;Ebert & Martus, 1994;Ebigno, 1982;Fugita & Crittenden, 1990;Griffith & Baker, 1993;Hamdi, Amin, & Abou-Saleh, 1997;Takeuchi, Kuo, Kim, & Leaf, 1989;Thornicroft & Sartorius, 1993;Zheng & Lin, 1991). These problems are associated with linguistic, conceptual, scale, and normative equivalence (e.g., Marsella, Dubanoski, Hamada, & Morse, 2000).…”