Psychoanalytic theories on drug dependence: A critical review

Heaviness of abuse, drug preferences, and personality organization among drug abusers in Sweden

“…An important question, therefore, is what factors or mechanisms predispose for, or predict, drug choice. More specific hypotheses about psychological factors, the self-medication notion for instance (Khantzian, 1985), have been under rather intensive critique (e.g., Dackis & Gold, 1986;Ghaffari, 1987;Goldsmith, 1993;Greene, Adyanthaya, Aravind, Morse, & Davis, 1993;Khantzian, 1986;Miller & Gold, 1991). One might even argue that specific hypotheses are premature until the more general hypothesis has been substantiated that personality or other psychological factors or mechanisms are at all accountable.…”