“…If psychoanalytically informed the ra pies are to be developed, how could empirical evidence confirm the success of psycho analytic treatments if the object of psychoanalysis is not covered by the methodology of outcome studies and if these studies widely differ methodologically? (Compare, e.g., Bachrach 1993;Buchholz 1996;Freedman et al 1999;Kantrowitz et al 1990a,b,c;Leuzinger-Bohleber et al 2003;Sandell et al 2000;Sashin, Eldred, and Van Amerongen 1975; more studies, all employing completely different methods, are listed in Brandl et al 2004. ) The outcomes of research are always specific to their methods, and it is simply not possible that all the divergent methods put to use are equally adequate to the object under investigation.…”