“…Furthermore, geotagged content from social networks has been employed to capture different prototypes of activity patterns (lines, clusters, dense areas, sparse areas) that can be used to characterize the perception of the city and referred to the five elements (Liu, Zhou, Zhao, & Ryan, 2016). Similar methodologies have been described for visualizing 'crowd-sourced cognitive maps' (Jang & Kim, 2019) and constellations of memorable places (Meier & Glinka, 2017), or for identifying the Lynchian elements from semantic similarities, from user-generated content (Bahrehdar, Adams, & Purves, 2020). In this direction, Huang, Obracht-Prondzynska, Kamrowska-Zaluska, Sun, and Li (2021) advanced and validated a framework to identify the image of the city using crowd-sourced data; by validating their results with the image of the city emerging from questionnaires, sketch maps and official spatial data sets, the authors found that social media content can confidently be used to identify landmarks, paths and districts (at least in Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia, Poland).…”