Psychologic Factors Are Related to Some Sensory Pain Thresholds but Not Nociceptive Flexion Reflex Threshold in Chronic Whiplash

Sterling, Michele; Hodkinson, E.; Pettiford, Catherine; Souvlis, Tina; Curatolo, Michele

doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31815ca293

Cited by 102 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

101

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Of the included studies, 12 reported reflex threshold (Boureau et al, 1991;Coffin et al, 2004;De Marinis et al, 2007;Sterling et al, 2008;Courtney et al, 2009Courtney et al, , 2010Lim et al, 2012;Neziri et al, 2012;Rhudy et al, 2013;Smith et al, 2013Smith et al, , 2014Curatolo et al, 2015), six reported reflex peak magnitude or AUC or both Avramidis et al, 1998;De Marinis et al, 2007;Peddireddy et al, 2009;Rhudy et al, 2013;Kofler and Halder, 2014), six reported reflex latency (Avramidis et al, 1998;Katsarava et al, 2004;De Marinis et al, 2007;Courtney et al, 2009;Peddireddy et al, 2009;Kofler and Halder, 2014), and two reported reflex duration (Courtney et al, 2009;Peddireddy et al, 2009). Pain populations included 'chronic pain', migraine, migraine without aura, tension type headache, chronic tension type headache, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic upper back pain, chronic low back pain, knee osteoarthritis, chronic whiplash associated disorder, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic lateral epicondylalgia ('tennis elbow'), and a combination of idiopathic pain, myofascial pain, and headache (see Table 1 for study details).…”

Section: Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Twelve studies (Boureau et al, 1991;Coffin et al, 2004;De Marinis et al, 2007;Sterling et al, 2008;Courtney et al, 2009Courtney et al, , 2010Lim et al, 2012;Neziri et al, 2012;Rhudy et al, 2013;Smith et al, 2013Smith et al, , 2014Curatolo et al, 2015) (pooled n = 1906) were included in reflex threshold comparisons. Two studies investigated two patient groups (Rhudy et al, 2013;Smith et al, 2013), which increased our group comparisons to 15.…”

Section: Reflex Thresholdmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Defensive reflexes in people with pain – a biomarker of the need to protect? A meta-analytical systematic review

Wallwork

Grabherr

O’Connell

et al. 2017

Reviews in the Neurosciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

AbstractUpregulation of defensive reflexes such as the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) has been attributed to sensitisation of peripheral and spinal nociceptors and is often considered biomarkers of pain. Experimental modulation of defensive reflexes raises the possibility that they might be better conceptualised as markers of descending cognitive control. Despite strongly held views on both sides and several narrative reviews, there has been no attempt to evaluate the evidence in a systematic manner. We undertook a meta-analytical systematic review of the extant English-language literature from inception. Thirty-six studies satisfied our a priori criteria. Seventeen were included in the meta-analysis. Reflexive threshold was lower in people with clinical pain than it was in pain-free controls, but reflex size, latency, and duration were unaffected. The pattern of difference was not consistent with sensitisation of nociceptive neurones, as these changes were not isolated to the affected body part but was more consistent with top-down cognitive control reflective of heightened protection of body tissue. The pattern of modulation is dependent on potentially complex evaluative mechanisms. We offer recommendations for future investigations and suggest that defensive reflex threshold may reflect a biomarker of a broader psychological construct related to bodily protection, rather than sensitisation of primary nociceptors, spinal nociceptors, or pain.

show abstract

Section: Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reflex Thresholdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defensive reflexes in people with pain – a biomarker of the need to protect? A meta-analytical systematic review

Wallwork

Grabherr

O’Connell

et al. 2017

Reviews in the Neurosciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Catastrophizing about post-concussion symptoms was assessed with the Post-Concussion Symptoms Catastrophizing Scale (PCS-CS), which is an adaptation of the Dutch translation of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) (38,39).The PCS has adequate psychometric properties (40) and is validated in acute and chronic whiplash disorders (41)(42)(43) and used in patients with mTBI by Khoury, et al (31). It consists of 13 items measuring the self-reported frequency of catastrophizing thoughts about the experienced pain with a 5 point Likert scale.…”

Section: Catastrophizingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the fear avoidance model explain persistent symptoms after traumatic brain injury?

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: A minority of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) experience a persistent symptom complex also known as post-concussion syndrome. Explanations for this syndrome are still lacking. Objective: To investigate if the fear avoidance model, including catastrophizing thoughts and fear avoidance behaviour, poses a possible biopsychosocial explanation for lingering symptoms and delay in recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI) with special focus on mTBI. Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: 48 patients with TBI, of which 31 patients with mTBI, had persistent symptoms (mean time since injury 48.2 months); 92% of the entire sample fulfilled the criteria for post-concussion syndrome. Outcome variables: catastrophizing, fear-avoidance, depression and post-concussion symptoms. Results: High levels of catastrophizing were found in 10% and high levels of fear avoidance behaviour were found in 35%. Catastrophizing, fear avoidance behaviour, depressive symptoms and post-concussion symptoms correlated significantly with each other (p < 0.05). Conclusion:The fear-avoidance model proposes a possible explanation for persistent symptoms. Validation and normative data are needed for suitable measures of catastrophizing and fear avoidance of post-concussion symptoms after TBI. Longitudinal prospective cohort studies are needed to establish its causal and explanatory nature.

show abstract

“…There is no formal study of the PSD scale in WAD to date. However, to support this notion, a number of studies of patients who are considered to have WAD have found psychophysical characteristics typical of patients deemed to have FM 10,11,12,13,14,15,16 .…”

Section: Rheumatologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Whiplash: Same Elephant, Different Room

Littlejohn

Guymer²

2014

J Rheumatol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Psychologic Factors Are Related to Some Sensory Pain Thresholds but Not Nociceptive Flexion Reflex Threshold in Chronic Whiplash

Cited by 102 publications

References 31 publications

Defensive reflexes in people with pain – a biomarker of the need to protect? A meta-analytical systematic review

Defensive reflexes in people with pain – a biomarker of the need to protect? A meta-analytical systematic review

Does the fear avoidance model explain persistent symptoms after traumatic brain injury?

Whiplash: Same Elephant, Different Room

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About