Psychological adaptation to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake of 1995: 16 years later victims still report lower levels of subjective well-being

Oishi, Shigehiro; Kimura, Reiji; Hayashi, H.; Tatsuki, Shigeo; Tamura, Keiko; Ishii, Keiko; Tucker, Jim B.

doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2015.02.001

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Most of this work has focused on earthquakes and accompanying tsunamis, or major weather events such as floods and hurricanes, and illustrated the long-term psychological toll of these disasters. 1,2 Studies have considered associations between distress and recovery and existing vulnerabilities, with work following earthquakes in Japan 3 and New Zealand 4 showing a positive association between pre-incident psychiatric disorders and later distress. Other work has indicated associations between post-disaster exposure, demographic factors and distress: family and housing loss were associated with greater distress following a hurricane, 5 and women suffered greater post-traumatic stress following the 2004 South-East Asian tsunami.…”

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confidence: 99%

Psychological distress after the Great East Japan Earthquake: two multilevel 6-year prospective analyses

et al. 2019

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BackgroundThe Great East Japan Earthquake of 11 March 2011 led to the relocation of 300 000 survivors. Studies following disasters focus primarily on data collected in the immediate aftermath and neglect the influence of wider community factors.AimsA three-level prospective study examining associations between survivors' psychological distress and individual- and social-level factors in the 6 years following a complex disaster.MethodWe drew on two multi-wave data collections in the 6 years after the earthquake, using residents from different forms of housing. Sample 1 included six waves of private-housing residents from 2011 to 2016 (n = 1084 per wave), sample 2 five waves of residents living in prefabricated housing from 2012 to 2016 (n = 1515 per wave). We analysed prospective associations between distress and time (level 1), pre-existing disorders and disaster experiences and behaviours (level 2) and city-wide measures of support and physical activity (level 3).ResultsMultilevel models with random coefficients demonstrated greater distress in earlier waves (samples 1 and 2 respectively, adjusted β = −15 and β = −0.16, P < 0.001), among female respondents (β = 0.58, P = 0.01 and β = 1.74, P = 0.001), in those with a previous psychiatric history (β = 2.76, β = 2.06, P < 0.001) with diminished levels of activity post-earthquake (β = 1.40, β = 1.51, P < 0.001) and those lacking in social support (β = 1.95, β = 1.51, P < 0.001). Support from spouses and friends was most protective of psychological health. City-level support was negatively associated with distress, but only among those in prefabricated housing.ConclusionsPsychological distress diminished with time, but varied across gender, psychiatric history, housing, levels of activity and availability of social support. Practitioners should consider individual- and city-level factors when devising effective interventions.

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Psychological distress after the Great East Japan Earthquake: two multilevel 6-year prospective analyses

et al. 2019

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“…Immediately after the disaster, a number of professional mental health care teams were organized all over Japan and travelled to the affected areas to continue to provide pre-disaster psychiatric services, treatments for acute stress reactions or psychoeducation at the shelters and temporary housing [19]. Based on the knowledge obtained after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake of 1995 and Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake in 2007, the long-term mental health and psychosocial needs were recognized [20–22]. As a result, a wide range of MHPSS activities was continued by governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, universities, and other organizations after the acute phase.…”

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Post-disaster mental health and psychosocial support in the areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake: a qualitative study

et al. 2019

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Background Few studies exploring the actual practices implemented for long-term mental health and psychosocial support after a natural disaster have been published. This study aimed to reveal (1) the types of activities that were actually provided as mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) in the long-term phase after the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) and (2) the problems that must be addressed to provide post-disaster MHPSS activities. Methods An open-ended questionnaire was sent to organizations in the Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures that were potentially involved in providing MHPSS to communities affected by the GEJE. The organizations were asked to describe their activities and the problems that needed to be addressed to provide these support activities. The collected statements were analysed using content analysis with NVivo11. Results The support activities conducted to provide MHPSS in the long-term phase after the catastrophe were diverse and classified into 7 major categories, namely, (1) one-on-one support for individuals in need of assistance, (2) support for collective activities, (3) support around living conditions and income, (4) increasing public awareness about mental health, (5) human resource development to improve response capabilities for MHPSS, (6) support for MHPSS providers, and (7) facilitating collaborations among the MHPSS activities provided to affected communities. Problems with human resources and funding were the most frequently mentioned concerns among the organizations participating in the survey. Conclusions The establishment of systems to collect and share sufficient and relevant knowledge and to coordinate organizations for long-term post-disaster postventions would be desirable. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12888-019-2243-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…While we understand well the direct impact of the Kobe earthquake, we know much less about its impacts in the long-term. Surveys suggest that the people of Kobe experienced a prolonged and significant adverse impact on their well-being [ 2 – 3 ]. We know a lot less about Kobe’s economic recovery.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Long-Run Socio-Economic Consequences of a Large Disaster: The 1995 Earthquake in Kobe

2015

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We quantify the ‘permanent’ socio-economic impacts of the Great Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) earthquake in 1995 by employing a large-scale panel dataset of 1,719 cities, towns, and wards from Japan over three decades. In order to estimate the counterfactual—i.e., the Kobe economy without the earthquake—we use the synthetic control method. Three important empirical patterns emerge: First, the population size and especially the average income level in Kobe have been lower than the counterfactual level without the earthquake for over fifteen years, indicating a permanent negative effect of the earthquake. Such a negative impact can be found especially in the central areas which are closer to the epicenter. Second, the surrounding areas experienced some positive permanent impacts in spite of short-run negative effects of the earthquake. Much of this is associated with movement of people to East Kobe, and consequent movement of jobs to the metropolitan center of Osaka, that is located immediately to the East of Kobe. Third, the furthest areas in the vicinity of Kobe seem to have been insulated from the large direct and indirect impacts of the earthquake.

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Psychological adaptation to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake of 1995: 16 years later victims still report lower levels of subjective well-being

Cited by 30 publications

References 19 publications

Psychological distress after the Great East Japan Earthquake: two multilevel 6-year prospective analyses

Psychological distress after the Great East Japan Earthquake: two multilevel 6-year prospective analyses

Post-disaster mental health and psychosocial support in the areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake: a qualitative study

The Long-Run Socio-Economic Consequences of a Large Disaster: The 1995 Earthquake in Kobe

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