Psychological and physical abuse in the schools: A paradigm for understanding post‐traumatic stress disorder in children and youth

Hyman, Irwin A.; Zelikoff, Wendy; Clarke, Jacqueline

doi:10.1002/jts.2490010210

Cited by 49 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Recent research suggests that ETV during childhood and adolescence perpetuates violence (Dodge, Bates, & Petit, 1990 ;DuRant, Cadenhead, Pendergast, Slavens, & Linder, 1994 ;Farrington, 1991 ;Gelles & Conte, 1990 ;Patterson, 1986 ;Patterson, Debaryshe, & Ramsey, 1989 ;Straus, 1991 ;Widom, 1989) and contributes to the development of emotional problems (Bell & Jenkins, 1990 ;Boney-McCoy & Finkelhor, 1995 ;DuRant, Getts, Cadenhead, Emans, & Woods, 1995 ;Fantuzzo et al, 1991 ;Freeman, Mokros, & Poznanski, 1993 ;Hyman, Zelikoff, & Clarke, 1988 ;Lyons, 1987 ;Martinez, Richters, & Benoit, 1993 ;Osofsky et al, 1993 ;Richters, 1993). One of the more frequently discussed effects of ETV is the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD ; Fitzpatrick & Boldizar, 1993 ;Pynoos & Eth, 1984 ;Pynoos, Frederick, Nader, & Arroyo, 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Exposure to Violence in Urban Youth

Selner-O'Hagan¹,

Kindlon²,

Buka³

et al. 1998

J. Child Psychol. Psychiat.

281

240

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This study reports on the development of a structured interview, My Exposure to Violence (My ETV), that was designed to assess child and youth exposure to violence. Eighty participants between the ages of 9 and 24 were assessed. Data from My ETV were fit to a Rasch model for rating scales, a technique that generates interval level measures and allows the characterization of both chronic and acute exposure. Results indicated that the fit statistics for six scales, covering both lifetime and past year victimization, witnessing of violence, and total exposure, were all good. These scales were found to have high internal consistency (r = .68 to .93) and test-retest reliability (r = .75 to .94). Evidence of construct validity was provided by the item analysis, which revealed a theoretically sensible ordering of item extremity, and also by analysis of bivariate associations. As expected, younger subjects generally reported less exposure to violence than did older subjects, males reported more exposure than did females, African-American subjects reported higher levels of exposure than did White subjects, violent offenders reported more exposure than did non-offenders, and those living in high crime areas reported more exposure than did those residing in low crime areas. Future areas of investigation and the potential contribution to studies of antisocial behavior and post-traumatic stress disorder are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Exposure to Violence in Urban Youth

Selner-O'Hagan¹,

Kindlon²,

Buka³

et al. 1998

J. Child Psychol. Psychiat.

281

240

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Some studies have demonstrated more traumatic reactions in younger children (e.g. Hyman, Zelikoff & Clarke, 1988;Rigamer, 1986), while others have failed to find age effects (e.g. Pynoos et al, 1987;Terr, 1979).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic symptomatology in children exposed to war

Vizek-Vidović

Kuterovac-Jagodić

Arambašić

2000

Scandinavian J Psychology

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This study examines affective and behavioral symptomatology in two groups of school-age children who were traumatized to different degrees during the war in Croatia (N = 1034). Six self-reported questionnaires were used to assess the following: number and type of war experiences, PTSD symptoms, anxiety, depression, psychosomatic symptoms, and psychosocial adaptation. Canonical discriminant analysis yielded a significant discriminant function that indicates moderate differentiation between the two groups of children according to the assessed symptoms. The results of a 2 x 2 x 2 ANOVAs (gender x age x level of traumatization) indicate that the children's reactions to war traumata varied in respect to all factors, as well as their interaction. The results indicate that gender differences are more prominent in older children. Older girls report more posttraumatic stress reactions, anxiety and depression, but at the same time seem better adapted than boys. Younger children, particularly those who survived more war even report more PTSD symptoms than older children.

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“…The second section of the interview guide for parents and teachers, 'Children's Behaviour Following Trauma', included questions relating to post-trauma behaviour as described in the DSM-IV (APA, 1994), the Impact of Event Scale (Horowitz et al, 1979) and in previous studies in this area (Pynoos et al, 1987;Hyman et al, 1988;Yule & Williams, 1990). The final section, 'School Role Performance', included questions regarding the occupational performance of the role of a school student.…”

Section: Interview Guidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies of children's responses to traumatic events have focused on the diagnosis of PTSD and a description of PTSD symptomatology through the use of scales and checklists. Hyman et al (1988) developed a school trauma survey to describe the pattern of PTSD symptoms in children. The authors identified a subset of symptoms related to abuse in schools and proposed that these symptoms are common to the problems of severe stressors in the lives of children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of refugee trauma on children's occupational role as school students*

Driver

Beltran

1998

Aus Occup Therapy J

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Current literature identifies a lack of knowledge and understanding of the long‐term responses to extreme trauma in children, particularly from an occupational therapy perspective. Five school children participated in the present study to explore and describe a child's occupational performance as a school student following their experience of refugee trauma. The study used semi‐structured, indepth interviews with the children, parents and teachers. The interviews were combined with participant observation within various school environments. The results indicate that a child's student role performance can be affected by the experience of refugee trauma. Effects were manifested in various ways, such as poor academic performance, gross motor problems and difficulty interacting with peers. It is critical that occupational therapists recognize their potential contribution in meeting the needs of children from politically troubled countries who have experienced trauma. Opportunities to work with these children are suggested, as are avenues for further research.

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Psychological and physical abuse in the schools: A paradigm for understanding post‐traumatic stress disorder in children and youth

Cited by 49 publications

References 27 publications

Assessing Exposure to Violence in Urban Youth

Assessing Exposure to Violence in Urban Youth

Posttraumatic symptomatology in children exposed to war

Impact of refugee trauma on children's occupational role as school students*

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