Psychological and Physiological Responses in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The Use of Acute Exercise and Virtual Reality Environment

Wang, Tsai Chiao; Sit, Cindy H.P.; Tang, Ta-Wei; Tsai, Chia Liang

doi:10.3390/ijerph17134855

Cited by 55 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…Multimedia Appendix 3 shows most articles published in the year 2019 [ 25 - 36 ], comprising 35% (12/34) of the total articles. Articles published in 2018 [ 37 - 43 ] and 2020 [ 15 , 44 - 49 ] were of equal proportions (7/34, 21%), whereas those published in 2017 [ 14 , 50 - 53 ] were the third highest (5/34, 15%). Recent publications from early 2021 [ 54 - 56 ] were also selected (3/34, 9%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SAD was the most studied, with 3% (9/34) of studies focusing on using VR therapy solely for patients with SAD [ 29 , 34 , 37 , 41 , 47 , 50 , 52 - 54 ]. Generalized anxiety disorder (6/34, 18%) [ 27 , 28 , 39 , 42 , 46 , 49 ] was next, followed by public speaking anxiety (4/34, 12%) [ 14 , 31 , 51 , 56 ]. The rest of the studies aimed at specific clinical conditions such as paruresis [ 40 ], exam anxiety [ 48 ], driving-related [ 38 ] or car passenger anxiety [ 30 ], disruptive behavior in the classroom [ 45 ], or social anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder [ 33 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virtual Reality for Supporting the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: Scoping Review

Baghaei¹,

Chitale²,

Hlasnik³

et al. 2021

JMIR Ment Health

108

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Background Mental health conditions pose a major challenge to health care providers and society at large. The World Health Organization predicts that by 2030, mental health conditions will be the leading cause of disease burden worldwide. The current need for mental health care is overwhelming. In New Zealand, 1 in 6 adults has been diagnosed with common mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety disorders, according to a national survey. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to effectively help patients overcome a wide variety of mental health conditions. Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) might be one of the most exciting technologies emerging in the clinical setting for the treatment of anxiety and depression. Objective This study aims to investigate the virtual reality (VR) technologies currently being used to help support the treatment of depression and anxiety. We also aim to investigate whether and how CBT is included as part of VRET and look at the VR technologies and interventions that have been used in recent studies on depression and anxiety. Methods We performed a scoping review. To identify significant studies, we decided to use already aggregated sources from the Google Scholar database. Overall, the goal of our search strategy was to limit the number of initial results related to VR in mental health to only a relevant minimum. Results Using our defined keywords, Google Scholar identified >17,300 articles. After applying all the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we identified a total of 369 articles for further processing. After manual evaluation, 34 articles were shortlisted; of the 34 articles, 9 (26%) reported the use of CBT with VR. All of the articles were published between 2017 and 2021. Out of the 9 studies, CBT was conducted within a VR environment in 5 (56%) studies, whereas in the remaining 4 (44%) studies, CBT was used as an addition to VRET. All 9 studies reported the use of CBT either in vivo or in a virtual environment to be effective in supporting the treatment of anxiety or depression. Conclusions Most studies demonstrated the use of VR to be effective for supporting the treatment of anxiety or depression in a range of settings and recommended its potential as a tool for use in a clinical environment. Even though standalone headsets are much easier to work with and more suitable for home use, the shift from tethered VR headsets to standalone headsets in the mental health environment was not observed. All studies that looked at the use of CBT either in vivo or in a virtual environment found it to be effective in supporting the treatment of anxiety or depression.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Reality for Supporting the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: Scoping Review

Baghaei¹,

Chitale²,

Hlasnik³

et al. 2021

JMIR Ment Health

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In a different approach to treat GAD, it was investigated whether the engagement in aerobic exercise would lead to stress reduction and therefore to the presence of less GAD symptoms (Wang et al, 2020 ). In this study 77 patients with GAD were randomly assigned to either to virtual nature group or a virtual abstract painting group.…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of virtual reality in assessment and treatment of anxiety and related disorders

Meyerbröker

Morina

2021

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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In recent years the development of new virtual environments has been qualitatively high and fast at the same time, but the dissemination of virtual reality (VR) in clinical practice is still scarce. The aim of this review is to give an insight into the state of the art of the use of VR as an assessment tool and treatment intervention in anxiety and related disorders as posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorders.Besides an overview into the efficacy of VR, a summary will be given on assumed working mechanisms in virtual reality exposure therapy and how this aligns with current theoretical models. Further, it will be discussed how VR is accepted by patients and research into the reluctance of therapist to use this technology during treatment with focus on the therapeutic alliance and how it may be influenced by the use of VR. Finally, we discuss clinical and future issues as, for

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“…STAI) and other psychometric measures (e.g. pain catastrophizing scale (PCS), perceived stress scale (PSS)) to reflect the effects of VR intervention on patients' psychological profiles [41,42]. Secondly, the patient population selected had to have the ability to read and understand English, which might limit the sociodemographic profiles of patients.…”

Section: Study Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of pre-operative virtual reality to reduce anxiety in women undergoing gynecological surgeries: a prospective cohort study

et al. 2020

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Background Pre-operative anxiety is common and is associated with negative surgical outcomes. Virtual reality (VR) is a promising new technology that offers opportunities to modulate patient experience and cognition and has been shown to be associated with lower levels of anxiety. In this study, we investigated changes in pre-operative anxiety levels before and after using VR in patients undergoing minor gynecological surgery. Methods Patients who underwent elective minor gynecological surgeries in KK Women’s and Children’s hospital, Singapore were recruited. The VR intervention consisted of 10-min exposure via a headset loaded with sceneries, background meditation music and breathing exercises. For the primary outcome of pre-operative anxiety, patients were assessed at pre- and post-intervention using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Secondary outcomes of self-reported satisfaction scores and EuroQol 5-dimension 3-level (EQ-5D-3L) were also collected. Results Data analysis from 108 patients revealed that HADS anxiety scores were significantly reduced from 7.2 ± 3.3 pre-intervention to 4.6 ± 3.0 post-intervention (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, HADS depression scores were significantly reduced from 4.7 ± 3.3 pre-intervention to 2.9 ± 2.5 post-intervention (p < 0.0001). Eighty-two percent of the patients self-reported VR intervention as ‘Good’ or ‘Excellent’. EQ-5D-3L showed significant changes in dimensions of ‘usual activities’ (p = 0.025), ‘pain/discomfort’ (p = 0.008) and ‘anxiety/ depression’ (p < 0.0001). Conclusions For patients undergoing minor gynecological procedures, the VR intervention brought about a significant reduction in pre-operative anxiety. This finding may be clinically important to benefit patients with high pre-operative anxiety without the use of anxiolytics. Trial registration This study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov registry (NCT03685422) on 26 Sep 2018.

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Psychological and Physiological Responses in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The Use of Acute Exercise and Virtual Reality Environment

Cited by 55 publications

References 75 publications

Virtual Reality for Supporting the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: Scoping Review

Virtual Reality for Supporting the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: Scoping Review

The use of virtual reality in assessment and treatment of anxiety and related disorders

The use of pre-operative virtual reality to reduce anxiety in women undergoing gynecological surgeries: a prospective cohort study

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