“…A few other causes were identified from this review: ideology ( Chou et al., 2021 ; Okereke et al., 2020 ; Scherer and Pennycook, 2020 ; Ghazal Aghagoli et al., 2020 ; Cichocka, 2020 ; Hauer and Sood, 2020 ), health information needs and overloads ( Greenspan and Loftus, 2021 ; Morgan-Daniel et al., 2020 ; Garcia and Duarte, 2020 ; Larson, 2020 ), civil literacy ( Schiavo, 2020 ), the armchair scientist phenomenon ( Chong et al., 2020 ), inappropriate usage of map information ( Mooney and Juhász, 2020 ), the distrust of government ( Mondiale de la Santé, 2020 ; Chou et al., 2021 ; Horton, 2020 ), financial incentives and lack of supervision ( Bastani and Bahrami, 2020 ), and large scale lockdown ( Kulkarni et al., 2020 ; Sasidharan et al., 2020 ; Cichocka, 2020 ). Only ideology was quantitatively investigated: people with certain ideological characteristics (e.g., general skepticism, cultural/political orientation, and conservatism) were found more susceptible to rumors ( Calvillo et al., 2020 ; Alper et al., 2020 ; Georgiou et al., 2020 ; Biddlestone et al., 2020 ; Havey, 2020 ).…”