Psychological Differences Between Long and Short Sleepers

Hartmann, Ernest

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750230073014

Cited by 104 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…However, Hicks and Garcia 91 found that high stress leads to reduction in sleep time of about 1 standard deviation and low stress to an increase of about 1 standard deviation of sleep time. Nonetheless, findings from previously mentioned studies 7,80,82,87 argue that lengthening sleep is related more to stress and stressful events than positive events. Sanford and colleagues 92 note that an aversive event can shorten or lengthen sleep in mice for days, depending on the amount of conditioning and training the animal has received.…”

Section: Studies Of Variable Sleepersmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Although negative psychological and other health outcomes of extreme sleep lengths have been reported for over 45 years 6,7 , relatively little attention has been devoted to the study of long sleepers. A resurgence of interest in studying long sleep may be due to several recent studies relating long sleep to increased mortality.…”

Section: Long Sleep and Increased Mortality Increased Mortality Assocmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taub 81 found that long sleepers reported more "aggression and misfortune elements" in dreams. On the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), long sleepers have scored lower on scales measuring social desirability 7,80 and mania 82 and higher on scales measuring social introversion 7,80,82 and psychiatric disruption 82 .…”

Section: Psychological Characteristics Of Long Versus Short Sleepersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies have demonstrated that long sleepers experience more anxiety and social introversion and less psychological health than short sleepers 7,[80][81][82] . However, most of these studies were conducted over 30 years ago and have not been able to make use of much advancement in research and medicine since that time.…”

Section: What Are the Psychological Characteristics Of Long Sleepers?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Who are the long sleepers? Towards an understanding of the mortality relationship

Grandner

Drummond

2007

Sleep Medicine Reviews

370

307

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While much is known about the negative health implications of insufficient sleep, relatively little is known about risks associated with excessive sleep. However, epidemiological studies have repeatedly found a mortality risk associated with reported habitual long sleep. This paper will summarize and describe the numerous studies demonstrating increased mortality risk associated with long sleep. Although these studies establish a mortality link, they do not sufficiently explain why such a relationship might occur. Possible mechanisms for this relationship will be proposed and described, including (1)sleep fragmentation, (2)fatigue, (3)immune function, (4)photoperiodic abnormalities, (5)lack of challenge, (6)depression, or (7)underlying disease process such as (a)sleep apnea, (b)heart disease, or (c)failing health. Following this, we will take a step back and carefully consider all of the historical and current literature regarding long sleep, to determine whether the scientific evidence supports these proposed mechanisms and ascertain what future research directions may clarify or test these hypotheses regarding the relationship between long sleep and mortality. WHO ARE THE LONG SLEEPERS?How much sleep do we need?Whereas the answer to this question usually involves the determination of the minimum amount of sleep required for the maintenance of health, less attention has been directed to the question of the maximum amount of sleep for optimum health. This may be an equally important issue, given research suggesting that there are negative health consequences of excessive sleep 1 .There is growing public awareness of the need for an adequate amount of sleep, and the myriad problems associated with insufficient sleep, which is consistent with a hypothesis

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Section: Studies Of Variable Sleepersmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Long Sleep and Increased Mortality Increased Mortality Assocmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Psychological Characteristics Of Long Versus Short Sleepersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Are the Psychological Characteristics Of Long Sleepers?mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Who are the long sleepers? Towards an understanding of the mortality relationship

Grandner

Drummond

2007

Sleep Medicine Reviews

370

307

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“…For example, although Costello and Smith 13 and Tune 14 found that long sleepers were more extroverted, Orme 15 determined that short sleepers were more extroverted. Based on clinical findings using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Hartman et al 16 reported that short sleepers were characterized as efficient, energetic, ambitious, "preprogrammed" non-worriers. Long sleepers have been characterized as non-aggressive, reflective individuals who constantly "reprogram" themselves.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroticism and Sleep-related Problems in Adolescence

Gau

2000

Sleep

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. Adolescents sleep less than they should, 1-3 and they go to bed and wake up significantly later than younger children. 4 As a result, daytime sleepiness is a common phenomenon among adolescents, often influencing their daytime function. 1,5 Explanations for this phenomenon include the effects of adolescent development of maturation, 2,5,6 decreased parental control at bedtime, school schedule and pressures, 7,8 part-time jobs, extracurricular activities, 9 and change of circadian rhythm. 10,11 Neurotic traits have also been reported to be associated with individual differences in sleep habits and other problems in adolescence. 12 There has been debate about the personality characteristics of short and long sleepers since the 1960s. For example, although Costello and Smith 13 and Tune 14 found that long sleepers were more extroverted, Orme 15 determined that short sleepers were more extroverted. Based on clinical findings using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Hartman et al. 16 reported that short sleepers were characterized as efficient, energetic, ambitious, "preprogrammed" non-worriers. Long sleepers have been characterized as non-aggressive, reflective individuals who constantly "reprogram" themselves. Wagner et al. 17 found that long sleepers were more likely to score in the pathological direction on most of the MMPI clinical scales. However, Kumar and Vaidya 18,19 supported the results of Hicks and Pellegrini, 20 which reported that short sleepers showed significantly higher levels of anxiety. Similarly, the recent study by Sexton-Radek 21 demonstrated that short sleepers had significantly lower mean adjustment scores than did long and average sleepers; short sleepers were more worrisome and maladjusted. In short, previous studies show inconsistent findings on personality characteristics in terms of sleep duration.Insomnia has long been known to be related to axis I and axis II psychiatric diagnosis and medical disorders. Patients with chronic insomnia 22 have a high prevalence of psyStudy Objective: To examine the relationship between neurotic personality characteristics and sleep habits/problems. Design: A population-based cross-sectional study. Setting: NA Participants: Nine hundred sixty five students from two junior high schools in Taipei and their parents were randomly selected in December 1993 for inclusion in the study. The response rate was 96.4% (930) for students and 88.6% (855) for parents. Interventions: NA Measurements and Results: Students were administered a sleep habit questionnaire and the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory (JEPI) at both junior high schools in Taipei. For the JEPI, high and low neuroticism was operationally defined as scores that were one or more standard deviation above or below the sample mean, respectively. This yielded two extreme groups: high neuroticism group (n=183) and low neuroticism group (n=163). The high neuroticism group went to bed later and slept less than did the low neuroticism group. Using logistic regression, adjusting for sex...

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