Psychological distress in informal caregivers of patients with dementia in primary care: course and determinants

Abstract

GPs should focus on NPS in patients with dementia and on caregivers' psychological distress and be aware of their risk for depression and mental problems, specifically to those who are spouse, female or between 50 and 70 years of age.

Tip of the Iceberg: Assessing the Global Socioeconomic Costs of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias and Strategic Implications for Stakeholders

“…Similarly, the Caregiver Burden Inventory, among other instruments (e.g., Role Overload Scale, Caregiver Strain Index), have also been commonly used to measure the subjective and objective aspects of caregiver burden [29,30,56,100]. As with patients, the Charlson comorbidity index is used to assess comorbid conditions in caregivers; however, there are numerous other instruments used in populations studies to gauge related aspects of health in caregivers, including depression (e.g., Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), anxiety (e.g., Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale), mood (e.g., Positive and Negative Affect Scale), and sleep quality (e.g., Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) among others [29,30,[101][102][103]. There is no clear consensus on the most appropriate instrument to use to gauge caregiver health status.…”

The influence of the individual neuropsychiatric symptoms of people with Alzheimer disease on family caregiver distress—A longitudinal ALSOVA study

“…The current understanding of the association of FC psychological distress and individual NPS is primarily based on cross‐sectional studies. We identified only 2 longitudinal studies focusing on separate symptoms over time, although nearly 60% of caregivers provided care for more than 4 years and expect to continue care at home and follow‐up times were relatively short, up to 24 months …”

“…We identified only 2 longitudinal studies focusing on separate symptoms over time, although nearly 60% of caregivers provided care for more than 4 years and expect to continue care at home 16 and follow-up times were relatively short, up to 24 months. 17,18 For successful extended family care, a timely identification of NPS is relevant. Thus, recognizing which NPS in AD significantly contribute to FC distress would help in targeting symptom-targeted support for caregivers.…”

Electronic cigarette use and psychological distress in the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander adults compared with other racial/ethnic groups: Data from the National Health Interview Survey, 2014

“…Sex; age (18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, and 65 years and older); federal poverty level (<100%, ≥100%); education (<high school, high school/graduate‐equivalent degree, >high school); employment status (“Had job last week” and “No job last week, had job past 12 months” recoded as Employed/recently employed; “No job last week, “No job past 12 months” and “Never worked” recoded as Unemployed); and marital status (“Never married,” “Divorced or separated,” and “Widowed” recoded as Single; “Married,” and “Living with a partner” recoded as Married/cohabitation) were used as control variables in regression models. These variables were identified from existing literature (Borsje et al, ; Casetta et al, ; Etter, Prokhorov, & Perneger, ; Gadalla, ; Gorney & Long ; Haire‐Joshu, Morgan, & Fisher, ; Kozlowski, ; Kwan et al, ; Mickens, Ameringer, Brightman, & Leventhal, ; O'Loughlin, Dugas, O'Loughlin, Karp, & Sylvestre, ; Soneji et al, ; Tabak, Jodkowska, & Oblacinska, ; Tang, Castle, & Choong, ).…”