Psychological factors in hiv testing among sexually transmitted disease clinic patients: An exploratory study

Kalichman, Seth C.; Somlai, Anton M.; Adair, Veral; Weir, Sheryl

doi:10.1080/08870449608401992

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…An example of these items is ''I will wait to see what my partner says we should do about condoms.'' Versions of this scale have been widely used in previous studies (Kalichman, Somlai, & Adair, 1996), with adequate levels of internal consistency (a ¼ .88-.93), and construct validity has been demonstrated (Carey et al, , 2000. In this study, behavioral intention scores were internally consistent at pre-(a ¼ .74) and post-intervention (a ¼ .74).…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 52%

Group‐based HIV risk reduction intervention for adolescent girls: Evidence of feasibility and efficacy

Morrison‐Beedy

Carey

Kowalski

et al. 2004

Research in Nursing & Health

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The purposes of this pilot study were (a) to assess the feasibility of a community-based, small group HIV risk reduction intervention with adolescent girls, and (b) to obtain preliminary evidence of the efficacy of this theoretically-guided intervention using a controlled design. The feasibility of the intervention was demonstrated by successfully implementing it with 33 sexually-active, single girls. Preliminary evidence of the efficacy of the intervention was obtained using a randomized trial with 62 sexually-active, single girls. Data obtained at a 3-month follow-up assessment showed that girls who received the HIV-related intervention improved their HIV-related knowledge and enhanced their motivation for risk reduction compared to girls who received a control (health promotion) intervention. Effect sizes suggest that the HIV intervention also reduced several risk behaviors (e.g., vaginal sex without a condom, giving oral sex, and alcohol and drug use before sex). Challenges to implementation and suggestions for intervention enhancement are discussed. KeywordsHIV prevention; adolescent girls; risk reduction; randomized controlled trial; pilot Adolescent girls are increasingly at risk for acquiring HIV and AIDS. Recent data confirm that the overall male to female ratio of reported AIDS cases is approximately 8:1, but in adolescents the ratio is less than 3:1 (Centers for Disease Control, 2000). The majority (89%) of all heterosexually-acquired HIV infections in adolescents now occur in girls (Centers for Disease Control, 2004). Adolescent girls also have higher rates of gonorrhea and chlamydia than similarly aged males or older persons of either sex (Padian, Shiboski, Glass, & Vittinghoff, 1997). These statistics are especially relevant because sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are known to facilitate the transmission of HIV. The purpose of this study was to pilot test an HIV risk reduction intervention for this at-risk group.In an integrative review of the adolescent HIV prevention intervention literature, 23 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing behavioral outcomes were critiqued, and the summary of findings provides evidence for the efficacy of these interventions (Pedlow & Carey, 2003). These studies took place in a variety of settings including schools, health care Despite the obvious threat that HIV poses to adolescent girls, only five randomized controlled trials assessing behavioral outcomes have been conducted to evaluate HIV risk reduction interventions developed specifically for adolescent girls (Mansfield, Conroy, Emans, & Woods, 1993;Orr, Langefeld, Katz, & Caine, 1996;Workman, Robinson, Cotler, & Harper, 1996;Shrier et al., 2001;Koniak-Griffin et al., 2003). Three of these studies are interventions provided to individuals. Mansfield et al. used a small, predominantly female sample (n=90 youth; 83 [90%] females) and found no differences 2 months after the intervention on condom use, abstinence, number of partners, or new STIs between an individual HIV education and counseling ...

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Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 52%

Group‐based HIV risk reduction intervention for adolescent girls: Evidence of feasibility and efficacy

Morrison‐Beedy

Carey

Kowalski

et al. 2004

Research in Nursing & Health

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“… HBM variables Perceived susceptibility 1 item on Likert scale: ‘ I am so sure I don’t have the AIDS virus that I don’t have to be tested. ’ Perceived barriers to HIV testing 11 items on Likert scale Adapted from [ 163 ] α = 0.85 Self-reported previous HIV testing Perceived susceptibility Lower perceived susceptibility associated with less likelihood of testing (AOR 3.45, p < 0.01) Perceived barriers to HIV testing Higher perceived barriers associated with less likelihood of testing (AOR 1.15, p < 0.05) HBM variables together accounted for an additional 18 % variance of model (over and above demographic/behavioural factors), R 2 = 0.18, χ 2 = 24.29, p < 0.01 References Location, inclusion/exclusion and testing context Design and sampling Measurement of psychological variables Measure of testing behaviour Associations between psychological variables and testing Massari et al [ 53 ] France Urban area Aged ≥18 years Living in selected households in each census block Cross-sectional Systematic random sampling Response rate 71 %. n = 3023 1423 (47.1 %) males, 1600 (52.9 %) females Age range 18–60 years.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which Psychological Factors are Related to HIV Testing? A Quantitative Systematic Review of Global Studies

2015

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Deciding to test for HIV is necessary for receiving HIV treatment and care among those who are HIV-positive. This article presents a systematic review of quantitative studies on relationships between psychological (cognitive and affective) variables and HIV testing. Sixty two studies were included (fifty six cross sectional). Most measured lifetime testing. HIV knowledge, risk perception and stigma were the most commonly measured psychological variables. Meta-analysis was carried out on the relationships between HIV knowledge and testing, and HIV risk perception and testing. Both relationships were positive and significant, representing small effects (HIV knowledge, d = 0.22, 95 % CI 0.14–0.31, p < 0.001; HIV risk perception, OR 1.47, 95 % CI 1.26–1.67, p < 0.001). Other variables with a majority of studies showing a relationship with HIV testing included: perceived testing benefits, testing fear, perceived behavioural control/self-efficacy, knowledge of testing sites, prejudiced attitudes towards people living with HIV, and knowing someone with HIV. Research and practice implications are outlined.

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“…The Likert-type responses ranged from 1 = definitely will not do to 5 = definitely will do , with higher mean scores (range 8–40) indicating increased intentions to reduce risk. An example of these items is: “I will wait to see what my partner says we should do about condoms.” Versions of this scale have been used in previous studies (Carey et al, 2000; Carey, Maisto et al, 1997; Kalichman, Somlai, & Adair, 1996). Cronbach’s alpha in our sample was .81.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting sexual risk behaviors among adolescent and young women using a prospective diary method

Morrison‐Beedy

Carey

Feng

et al. 2008

Research in Nursing & Health

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We describe the sexual risk behaviors, psychological distress, and substance use of 102 late adolescent girls and identify predictors of protected and unprotected vaginal sex. Participants completed questionnaires assessing hypothesized predictors and then daily behavioral diaries for 12 weeks. Protected intercourse was predicted by baseline sexual behavior, greater knowledge, positive condom attitudes, lower perceived condom-use difficulty, greater condom-use intentions, more drinking days, less binge drinking, less Ecstasy use, and lower psychological distress. Unprotected intercourse was predicted by baseline sexual behavior, binge drinking, Ecstasy and opiate use, fewer drinking days, and fewer daily drinks. These findings suggest that psychological distress, substance use, and sexual risk behavior are interconnected and should be considered collectively in interventions for adolescent females. Publisher's Disclaimer: This PDF receipt will only be used as the basis for generating PubMed Central (PMC) documents. PMC documents will be made available for review after conversion (approx. 2-3 weeks time). Any corrections that need to be made will be done at that time. No materials will be released to PMC without the approval of an author. Only the PMC documents will appear on PubMed Central --this PDF Receipt will not appear on PubMed Central. (2006) examined the relationship between patterns of risk behaviors (i.e., smoking, sex, drug, and alcohol use) and depressive symptoms. Overall, girls experienced more depressive symptoms than boys, and every risk behavior was related to increased depressive symptoms. Although their study was limited by its cross-sectional design, it provides evidence of the prominent nature of depressive symptoms in a nationally representative sample of adolescent girls. Keywords NIH Public AccessThe clustering of sexual and substance use behaviors was also observed in a recent study of clients attending an STD clinic (50% female); in this sample of patients with documented sexual risk behaviors, one-third of the females were also classified as having a substance use disorder (Cook et al., 2006). Other investigators have reported a significant association between substance use and risky sex in teens as young as 12-15 years (Bachanas et al., 2002). The co-occurrence of substance use and risky sex has not been found universally, however; for example, drinking before sex was not related to unprotected sex in girls attending an STD clinic (Fortenberry, Orr, Katz, Brizendine, & Blythe, 1997) nor in college students (deVisser & Smith, 2001).In summary, psychological distress and depressive symptoms, substance use, and sexual health are often intertwined in girls from early to late adolescence and their interconnectedness needs to be clarified. To reduce the incidence of HIV in adolescent girls, health educators and other interventionists must develop effective, theoretically-driven gender-tailored interventions that target the determinants of sexual risk behavior (Fishbein, 2000). NIH...

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Psychological factors in hiv testing among sexually transmitted disease clinic patients: An exploratory study

Cited by 10 publications

References 24 publications

Group‐based HIV risk reduction intervention for adolescent girls: Evidence of feasibility and efficacy

Group‐based HIV risk reduction intervention for adolescent girls: Evidence of feasibility and efficacy

Which Psychological Factors are Related to HIV Testing? A Quantitative Systematic Review of Global Studies

Predicting sexual risk behaviors among adolescent and young women using a prospective diary method

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