Psychological features of North Korean female refugees on the MMPI–2: Latent profile analysis.

Kim, Seong-Hyeon; Kim, Hee Kyung; Lee, Narae

doi:10.1037/a0033097

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(90 reference statements)

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“…years of education or educational level) were mixed. Higher educational level in North Korea was inversely associated with emotional and behavioural problems of young and adult NKRs in several studies (Cho, Kim, & Kim, 2011; Choi, Lee, & Kim, 2009; Kim, 2010; Kim et al, 2010; Song, Shin, Lee, Kim, & Jun, 2016), but not in others (Chang & Son, 2014; Cho, Kim, & You, 2009; Kim, Kim, & Lee, 2013; Nam et al, 2016). In one 3-year follow-up study, NKRs who received higher education in North Korea exhibited less depressive symptoms at the beginning of the study; however, this association disappeared after three years (Cho, Jeun, Yu, & Um, 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Kim et al (2011)Adult NKRs14440.4Depression (CES-D)Adult South KoreansS. Kim et al (2013)Female adult NKRs2,16334.7 (18–69)Psychological symptoms (MMPI-2)NoS. Kim et al (2016)Male adult NKRs27235.9Nicotine dependence (KTSND)NoY.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About 20–32% of NKRs reported having attempted to escape more than once (Choi et al, 2009; Shin et al, 2016) and 26% had experienced at least one repatriation (Choi & Kim, 2011). NKRs who experienced forced repatriation consistently reported a greater degree of overall psychopathological symptoms, including PTSD and paranoid ideation (Choi & Kim, 2011; Jung & Choi, 2017; Kim et al, 2013; Shin & Kim, 2015), but not of somatization (Yoo, Lee, Koo, & Jun, 2017). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…of subjectsTraumatic experiencePre-settlement factorsRisk11 (Baek et al, 2007; Cho & Kim, 2010; Cho et al, 2011; Y. Choi et al, 2017; Emery et al, 2015; W. Jeon et al, 2013; H. Kim, 2012b; Y. Kim, 2013, 2016; Y. Kim et al, 2015; Y. Lee et al, 2016; S. Lim & Han, 2016; J. Park et al, 2015)2747Longer stay periods in third countryPre-settlement factorsRisk7 (Baek et al, 2007; Cho et al, 2011; Y. Jung & Choi, 2017; H. Kim, 2010, 2013; H. Kim et al, 2011; H. Shin et al, 2016)2131Educational level in North KoreaPre-settlement factorsProtective5 (Cho et al, 2011; Y. Choi et al, 2009; H. Kim, 2010; Y. Kim et al, 2010; D. Song et al, 2016)1405Forced repatriationPre-settlement factorsRisk3 (B. Choi & Kim, 2011; Y. Jung & Choi, 2017; S. Kim et al, 2013; H. Shin & Kim, 2015)2959Acculturative stressPost-settlement factorsRisk7 (Cho et al, 2011; Cho et al, 2009; W. Jeon et al, 2013; Y. Kim, 2013; Y. Kim et al, 2015; K. Lee, 2011; M. Lee et al, 2016; S. Lim & Han, 2016; Um et al, 2015)1421Low income*Post-settlement factorsRisk6 (Ahn et al, 2012; B. Jeon et al, 2009; H. Kim et al, 2011; Nam et al, 2016; G. Shin & Lee, …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Park et al, 2015)2747Longer stay periods in third countryPre-settlement factorsRisk7 (Baek et al, 2007; Cho et al, 2011; Y. Jung & Choi, 2017; H. Kim, 2010, 2013; H. Kim et al, 2011; H. Shin et al, 2016)2131Educational level in North KoreaPre-settlement factorsProtective5 (Cho et al, 2011; Y. Choi et al, 2009; H. Kim, 2010; Y. Kim et al, 2010; D. Song et al, 2016)1405Forced repatriationPre-settlement factorsRisk3 (B. Choi & Kim, 2011; Y. Jung & Choi, 2017; S. Kim et al, 2013; H. Shin & Kim, 2015)2959Acculturative stressPost-settlement factorsRisk7 (Cho et al, 2011; Cho et al, 2009; W. Jeon et al, 2013; Y. Kim, 2013; Y. Kim et al, 2015; K. Lee, 2011; M. Lee et al, 2016; S. Lim & Han, 2016; Um et al, 2015)1421Low income*Post-settlement factorsRisk6 (Ahn et al, 2012; B. Jeon et al, 2009; H. Kim et al, 2011; Nam et al, 2016; G. Shin & Lee, 2015; D. Song et al, 2016)1000Social supportPost-settlement factorsProtective5 (Baek et al, 2007; L. Kim et al, 2014; J. Lim et al, 2010; Y. Park & Yoon, 2007; D. Song et al, 2016)955Family relationship qualityPost-settlement factors…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mental health status of North Korean refugees in South Korea and risk and protective factors: a 10-year review of the literature

Lee¹,

Lee²,

Park³

2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: North Korean refugees (NKRs) are often exposed to traumatic events in North Korea and during their defection. Furthermore, they face sociocultural barriers in adapting to the new society to which they have defected. Objective: To integrate previous findings on this mentally vulnerable population, we systematically reviewed articles on the mental health of NKRs in South Korea. Method: We searched for empirical studies conducted in the last 10 years in six online databases (international journals: Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science; Korean journals: DBPIA, KMbase) through June 2017. Only quantitative studies using new empirical data on the mental health of NKRs were included. We summarized the 56 studies ultimately selected in terms of NKRs’ mental health status and three domains of associated factors: pre- and post-settlement factors and personal factors. Results: NKRs had a high prevalence and severity of psychiatric symptoms, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. We identified nine risk factors consistently found in previous studies, including traumatic experience, longer stay periods in third country, forced repatriation, acculturative stress, low income, older age, poor physical health, and female and male sex, as well as four protective factors, including educational level in North Korea, social support, family relationship quality, and resilience. Conclusions: We suggest that future studies focus on the causal interactions between different risk and protective factors and mental health outcomes among NKRs from a longitudinal perspective. Furthermore, comprehensive policies for NKRs’ psychological adaptation are needed, particularly the development of evidence-based mental health interventions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Mental health status of North Korean refugees in South Korea and risk and protective factors: a 10-year review of the literature

Lee¹,

Lee²,

Park³

2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Trauma History and Mental Health of North Korean Defectors

Noh

Lee

2020

Curr Behav Neurosci Rep

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Purpose of Review This study aimed to review the mental health status of North Korean defectors (NKDs) and related factors. Interventions to promote their mental health and issues to be dealt with are also reviewed. Recent Findings NKDs are often exposed to multiple severely traumatic events, both in North Korea and surrounding their defection. Furthermore, they face sociocultural barriers in adapting to a new society. Past exposure to traumatic events, longer defection periods, forced repatriation, psychological factors, and acculturative stress such as perceived discrimination, low income, family violence, and health complaints contribute to negative effects on mental health and obstruct their adaptation to life in the Republic of Korea. Summary It is necessary to develop evidence-based programs to promote NKDs’ mental health and help them to adapt to their new society. An NKD cohort study would be helpful to reveal their long-term mental health prognoses and interactions with pre- and post-migration factors.

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A model of identity development: Life‐course narratives of North Korean youth resettling in South Korea

Park

2019

Journal of Adolescence

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Introduction: Identity development is a convoluted process for youth experiencing traumatic interruptions in their lives. This study aimed to build a model of identity development in an understudied cultural group of trauma-exposed youth who led North Korea and resettled in South Korea.Methods: Sixteen participants (75% female, M age = 26.63 years, M defection age = 16.29 years, M defection duration = 5.72 years) produced life-course narratives, as guided by the life-lines they drew to depict their high and low points and future trajectories. The cross-sectional qualitative data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Themes of identity, trauma, and turning points were derived and coded, and then organized sequentially to classify stages of identity development. Results:The Vulnerable stage deined a sense of helplessness during an early life of deprivation in North Korea. Their identity entered the Invisible stage during their hiding in China. Upon reaching South Korea, they traversed four stages: The Renewal stage signaling a fresh outset; the Turmoil stage characterized by acculturative stress, rejection, and family disruption; the Achieved stage of relative stability; and the Self-Transcendence stage in which youth extended beyond their immediate views of self and focused on meaning and purpose across the themes of social change, reconciliation, and spirituality. Discussion:The six-stage model of identity development demonstrates that North Korean youth who defect to South Korea undergo a multifaceted identity development process as they navigate adversities, interruptions, and turning points. Results suggest that traumatic experiences can spur positive identity development and provide implications for professionals working with youth afected by intense and prolonged social conlict.

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Psychological features of North Korean female refugees on the MMPI–2: Latent profile analysis.

Cited by 13 publications

References 40 publications

Mental health status of North Korean refugees in South Korea and risk and protective factors: a 10-year review of the literature

Mental health status of North Korean refugees in South Korea and risk and protective factors: a 10-year review of the literature

Trauma History and Mental Health of North Korean Defectors

A model of identity development: Life‐course narratives of North Korean youth resettling in South Korea

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