Psychological Outcomes and Reproductive Issues Among Gender Dysphoric Individuals

Schmidt, Lauren; Levine, Rachel

doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2015.08.001

Cited by 22 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…47,48,49 In addition, girls may legally obtain a mastectomy as early as 16 years of age after receiving testosterone therapy for at least one year; this surgery carries its own set of irreversible risks. 34 The Post-Pubertal Adolescent with GD As previously noted, 80 percent to 95 percent of pre-pubertal children with GD will experience resolution by late adolescence if not exposed to social affirmation and medical intervention. This means that 5 percent to 20 percent will persist in their GD as young adults.…”

Section: Gnrh Agonists Cross-sex Hormones and Infertilitymentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Of greater concern is that pubertal suppression at Tanner Stage 2 (usually 11 years of age) followed by the use of cross-sex hormones will leave these children sterile and without gonadal tissue or gametes available for cryo-preservation. 33,34,35 Neuroscience clearly documents that the adolescent brain is cognitively immature and lacks the adult capacity needed for risk assessment prior to the early to mid-twenties. 36 There is a serious ethical problem with allowing irreversible, life-changing procedures to be performed on minors who are too young to give valid consent themselves.…”

Section: Gd As An Objective Mental Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The GnRH agonists used for pubertal suppression in gender dysphoric children include two that are approved for the treatment of precocious puberty: leuprolide by intramuscular injection with monthly or once every three month dosing formulations, and histrelin, a subcutaneous implant with yearly dosing. 34 In addition to preventing the development of secondary sex characteristics, GnRH agonists arrest bone growth, decrease bone accretion, prevent the sex-steroid dependent organization and maturation of the adolescent brain, and inhibit fertility by preventing the development of gonadal tissue and mature gametes for the duration of treatment. If the child discontinues the GnRH agonists, puberty will ensue.…”

Section: Risks Of Gnrh Agonistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the child discontinues the GnRH agonists, puberty will ensue. 34,42 Consequently, the Endocrine Society maintains that GnRH agonists, as well as living socially as the opposite sex, are fully reversible interventions that carry no risk of permanent harm to children. 42 However, social learning theory, www.ACPeds.org neuroscience, and the single long-term follow-up study of adolescents who have received pubertal suppression described below challenge this claim.…”

Section: Risks Of Gnrh Agonistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, transgendered individuals who undergo sex reassignment surgery and have their reproductive organs removed are rendered permanently infertile. 34,35,36 Additional Health Risks Associated with Cross-sex Hormones Potential risks from cross-sex hormones to children with GD are based on the adult literature. Recall that regarding the adult literature, the Hayes report states: "There are potentially long-term safety risks associated with hormone therapy but none have been proven or conclusively ruled out."…”

Section: Gnrh Agonists Cross-sex Hormones and Infertilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender dysphoria in children

Child Psychopathology

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Gender dysphoria (GD) of childhood describes a psychological condition in which children experience a marked incongruence between their experienced gender and the gender associated with their biological sex. When this occurs in the pre-pubertal child, GD resolves in the vast majority of patients by late adolescence. Currently there is a vigorous, albeit suppressed, debate among physicians, therapists, and academics regarding what is fast becoming the new treatment standard for GD in children. This new paradigm is rooted in the assumption that GD is innate, and involves pubertal suppression with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists followed by the use of cross-sex hormones-a combination that results in the sterility of minors. A review of the current literature suggests that this protocol is founded upon an unscientific gender ideology, lacks an evidence base, and violates the long-standing ethical principle of "First do no harm." Gender Dysphoria in Children: This Debate Concerns More than Science

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Section: Gnrh Agonists Cross-sex Hormones and Infertilitymentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Gd As An Objective Mental Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risks Of Gnrh Agonistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risks Of Gnrh Agonistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gnrh Agonists Cross-sex Hormones and Infertilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender dysphoria in children

Child Psychopathology

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Psychosocial Aspects of Reproduction in Transgender and Non-binary Individuals

Maksutova

Lawson²

2023

Reproduction in Transgender and Nonbinary Individuals

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Trans People, Transitioning, Mental Health, Life, and Job Satisfaction

Drydakis

2020

Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics

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For trans people (i.e. people whose gender is not the same as the sex they were assigned at birth) evidence suggests that transitioning (i.e. the steps a trans person may take to live in the gender with which they identify) positively affects positivity towards life, extraversion, ability to cope with stress, optimism about the future, self-reported health, social relations, self-esteem, body image, enjoyment of tasks, personal performance, job rewards and relations with colleagues. These relationships are found to be positively affected by gender affirmation and support from family members, peers, schools and workplaces, stigma prevention programmes, coping intervention strategies, socioeconomic conditions, anti-discrimination policies, and positive actions. Also important are legislation including the ability to change one's sex on government identification documents without having to undergo sex reassignment surgery, accessible and affordable transitioning resources, hormone therapy, surgical treatments, high-quality surgical techniques, adequate preparation and mental health support before and during transitioning, and proper followup care. Societal marginalization, family rejection, violations of human and political rights in health care, employment, housing and legal systems, gendered spaces, and internalization of stigma can negatively affect trans people's well-being and integration in societies. The present study highlights that although transitioning itself can bring well-being adjustments, a transphobic environment may result in adverse well-being outcomes. Policy makers should aim to facilitate transitioning and create cultures of inclusion in different settings, such as schools, workplaces, health services and justice.

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Psychological Outcomes and Reproductive Issues Among Gender Dysphoric Individuals

Cited by 22 publications

References 29 publications

Gender dysphoria in children

Gender dysphoria in children

Psychosocial Aspects of Reproduction in Transgender and Non-binary Individuals

Trans People, Transitioning, Mental Health, Life, and Job Satisfaction

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