Psychological privation in infancy and subsequent adjustment.

Goldfarb, William

doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1945.tb04938.x

Cited by 208 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Putative attachment disorders in young children have been described since the middle of the twentieth century (see Goldfarb, 1945;Spitz, 1945), but they have been studied systematically only in the past 15 years. Two major patterns of disordered behavior in young children have been described: (1) a pattern characterized by emotionally constricted and socially unresponsive behavior known as reactive attachment disorder (RAD), and (2) a pattern defined by lack of expected reticence about interacting with unfamiliar adults and violation of social boundaries known as disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED).…”

Section: Indiscriminate Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology

Humphreys

Zeanah

2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

194

176

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Current frameworks for understanding the link between early adverse childhood experiences and later negative life outcomes, including psychopathology, focus on the mediating negative impact on brain and biological systems in the developing child resulting broadly from stress and trauma. Although this approach is useful, we argue that the framework could be functionally extended by distinguishing the effects of two different types of abnormal input, both deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood. Specifically, we review the consequences of inadequate input (eg, neglect/ deprivation) and harmful input (eg, abuse/trauma) on brain and biological development. We then review evidence on the differential links between each type of abnormal input to four selected domains of psychopathology (indiscriminate social behavior, posttraumatic stress disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct problems), and consider potential mechanisms for inadequate and harmful input to lead to these outcomes. We conclude that the careful consideration of the type of deviation from the expected environment, while acknowledging the practical difficulties in assessing this, is likely to lead to clearer understanding of the mechanism of risk for psychopathology, and that tailored approaches to prevention and intervention may be informed by considering the unique consequences of inadequate and harmful input when experienced in early childhood.

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Section: Indiscriminate Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology

Humphreys

Zeanah

2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

194

176

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“…The clinical perspective on attachment derives from descriptive studies of young children raised in extreme caregiving environments, such as those who have been maltreated or those who have been reared in institutional settings (Goldfarb, 1945;Main & George, 1979;Spitz, 1945;Wolkind, 1974). Drawing upon these studies, Tizard and Rees (1975) reported that at age 4 years, a majority of young children (18/26) who had been raised in residential nurseries in the United Kingdom since birth exhibited aberrant attachment behavior.…”

Section: Clinical Perspectives On Attachmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attachment disorders in family and social context

Zeanah

Smyke

2008

Infant Mental Health Journal

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Serious disturbances of attachment in young children have been increasingly studied in the past decade as they arise in atypical rearing environments. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on recent findings and to consider their implications. Research on children raised in institutions, children adopted out of institutions, and young children who have experienced neglect in families is considered. Reactive attachment disorder may be identified reliably in a minority of children being raised in severely neglectful environments. The emotionally withdrawn/inhibited pattern and the indiscriminately social/disinhibited pattern arise in similar conditions of risk, but respond differently to intervention and appear to have different correlates. Much has been learned about the emotionally withdrawn/inhibited pattern of reactive attachment disorder and the indiscriminately social/disinhibited pattern. Much less is known about so-called secure base distortions or relational disorders of attachment.RESUMEN: Objetivo: Serios trastornos de afectividad en niños pequeños han sido más y más estudiados en la pasada década a medida que han aparecido en ambientes de crianza atípicos. El propísito de esta revisión es proveer una actualización de los resultados recientes y considerar sus implicaciones. Métodos: Se considera la investigación sobre niños criados en instituciones, niños de instituciones que han sido adoptados, y niños pequeños que han experimentado negligencia por parte de sus familias. Resultados: El trastorno de la afectividad reactiva pudiera ser confiablemente identificado en una minoría de niños que son criados en ambientes severamente negligentes. El patrón de despego emocional/inhibición y el patrón de indiscriminación social/desinhibición surgen en condiciones similares de riesgo, aunque responden diferentemente a la intervención y parecen tener correlaciones diferentes. Conclusiones: Se ha aprendido mucho acerca del patrón de despego emocional/inhibición y el de indiscriminación social/desinhibición. Mucho menos se sabe acerca de las llamadas distorsiones de una base segura o los trastornos relacionales de la afectividad.RÉSUMÉ: Objectif: Les troubles sérieux de l'attachement chez les jeunes enfants ont fait l'objet de plus en plus d'études ces dernières dix années dans la mesure où ils apparaissent dans des milieux et contextes dans lesquels ils ontétéélevés atypiques.

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“…Early research on institutionalized children suggested that such children were incapable of forming an attachment with substitute parents (Goldfarb, 1945a(Goldfarb, , 1945b). This conclusion, however, was based on descriptive data from very small numbers of children, many of whom lived in a series of foster homes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Three Year Follow‐up of Attachment and Indiscriminate Friendliness in Children Adopted from Romanian Orphanages

Chisholm¹

1998

Child Development

455

428

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Attachment and indiscriminately friendly behavior were assessed in children who had spent at least 8 months in a Romanian orphanage (RO) and two comparison groups of children: a Canadian-born, nonadopted, never institutionalized comparison group (CB) and an early adopted comparison group adopted from Romania before the age of 4 months (EA). Attachment was assessed using 2 measures: an attachment security questionnaire based on parent report, and a Separation Reunion procedure that was coded using the Preschool Assessment of Attachment. Indiscriminately friendly behavior was examined using parents' responses to 5 questions about their children's behavior with new adults. Although RO children did not score differently from either CB or EA children on the attachment security measure based on parent report, they did display significantly more insecure attachment patterns than did children in the other 2 groups. In addition, RO children displayed significantly more indiscriminately friendly behavior than both CB and EA children, who did not differ in terms of indiscriminate friendliness. RO children's insecure attachment patterns were not associated with any aspect of their institutional environment, but were related to particular child and family characteristics. Specifically, insecure RO children had more behavior problems, scored lower on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, and had parents who reported significantly more parenting stress than RO children classified as secure.

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Psychological privation in infancy and subsequent adjustment.

Cited by 208 publications

References 2 publications

Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology

Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology

Attachment disorders in family and social context

A Three Year Follow‐up of Attachment and Indiscriminate Friendliness in Children Adopted from Romanian Orphanages

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