Psychological Problems among Patients Suffer in HIV/AIDS in Pakistan

Hussain, Malik Mureed; Khalily, Muhammad Tahir; Zulfiqar, Zahid

doi:10.47067/ramss.v4i2.156

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Because of the high stigma associated with HIV/AIDS in Pakistan (Ahmed et al, 2021d;Hussain et al, 2021), and to maintain physical distance due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the NACP of Pakistan approved the study's conduct, with all interviews to be conducted by a female nurse (MJ), who works as a health counsellor in the ART centre. PLWHA were familiar with her and were willing to participate in the study.…”

Section: Interview Guide Development and Data Collection Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers and Enablers for Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among People Living With HIV/AIDS in the Era of COVID-19: A Qualitative Study From Pakistan

et al. 2022

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Background: With the increased availability of safe antiretroviral therapy (ART) in recent years, achieving optimal adherence and patient retention is becoming the biggest challenge for people living with HIV (PLWH). Care retention is influenced by several socioeconomic, socio-cultural, and government policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we aim to explore barriers and facilitators to adherence to ART among PLWH in Pakistan in general and COVID-19 pandemic related in particular.Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted among 25 PLWH from December 2020 to April 2021 in the local language (Urdu) at the ART centre of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. Interviews were audio-recorded in the local Urdu language, and bilingual expert (English, Urdu) transcribed verbatim, coded for themes and sub-themes, and analyzed using a phenomenological approach for thematic content analysis.Results: Stigma and discrimination, fear of HIV disclosure, economic constraints, forgetfulness, religion (Ramadan, spiritual healing), adverse drug reactions, lack of social support, alternative therapies, and COVID-19-related lock-down and fear of lesser COVID-19 care due to HIV associated stigma were identified as barriers affecting the retention in HIV care. At the same time, positive social support, family responsibilities, use of reminders, the beneficial impact of ART, and initiation of telephone consultations, courier delivery, and long-term delivery of antiretrovirals during COVID-19 were identified as facilitators of HIV retention.Conclusion: Improving adherence and retention is even more challenging due to COVID-19; therefore, it requires the integration of enhanced access to treatment with improved employment and social support. HIV care providers must understand these reported factors comprehensively and treat patients accordingly to ensure the continuum of HIV care. A coordinated approach including different stakeholders is required to facilitate patient retention in HIV care and consequently improve the clinical outcomes of PLWH.

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Section: Interview Guide Development and Data Collection Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers and Enablers for Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among People Living With HIV/AIDS in the Era of COVID-19: A Qualitative Study From Pakistan

et al. 2022

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“…These concerns were found to be higher in females and unmarried patients in comparison to other PLWH. 27 Furthermore, this life-threatening condition is traumatic for the patient and they experience intrusive thoughts about illness and death. In these scenarios, depression and PTSD emerge as the most frequently occurring phenomena requiring urgent medical and psychological care.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stigma, perceived family support, and post-traumatic stress experienced by seropositive HIV patients in Pakistan

Zia

Khalid

2022

BioMedica

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Background and Objective: Stigmatization and discrimination are phenomena familiar to all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients, which create a significant amount of stress; little is known about the role of family support in alleviation of this stressful condition. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between the perceptions of family support, stigmatization, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress in HIV-positive patients in Pakistan. Methods: A total of 100 seropositive patients, aged between 18 and 50 years, were approached through professional organizations in Lahore, Pakistan, based on purposive and snowball sampling strategies. The magnitude of stigma experienced by the patients was assessed by administering the Berger HIV stigma scale. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support and post-traumatic stress disorder checklist were used to assess post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and perceived family support (PFS). Results: The study identified a positive relationship between experiencing stigma and the development of PTSS. Also, a significant inverse relationship between PFS and PTSS was observed, whereas a consequential negative association between experiencing stigma and PFS was evident in patients who disclosed their illness to their families. Conclusion: The current study documents that HIV seropositive patients in Pakistan experience high levels of stigma, especially in relation to the disease  disclosure to their families and other social contacts. An already immune compromised status and stigmatization leads to significant stress symptoms which ultimately decrease the perception about accessibility of social support in the times of crisis.

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“…Another study showed that only 29 percent of married women, those who had age brackets between 15 and 49 years, and all women are employed, compared to 98 percent of married men between the age bracket of 15 and 49 years (Navidi et al, 2022). Only half of the women earning cash can make independent spending decisions, according to a Karachi survey on fishermen's knowledge of HIV/AIDS (Hussain et al, 2021). Seven out of ten women reported earning less than their husbands did.…”

Section: Introduction 1acquiredmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive knowledge and positive attitude of married men regarding HIV/ AIDS in Pakistan Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18

Aftab,

Iqbal,

Jan

2023

CRISS

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a life-threatening condition due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, and remains a major public health issue, mostly in under-developing countries. Pakistan is the second largest country in South Asia with a significant increase in HIV cases. This research explores the comprehensive knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS, dispelling myths and their positive attitude toward people living with HIV/ AIDS (PLWHA) in Pakistan. The study is based on the secondary dataset of married men of the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-18. The sample size was comprised of 3,690 married men, within the age bracket between 15 to 49 years. The descriptive analysis, cross-tabulation, and logistics regression were applied. The results illustrated that more than 67 percent of Pakistani married men have heard about HIV/ AIDS, however, among these men, 50.6 percent have comprehensive knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS, and 54.1 percent have a positive attitude toward PLWHA. The result of logistic regression analysis highlighted that married men who have lower knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS belong to the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Sindh, aged between 20 -24 years, having primary level education and working in the sector of agriculture. Further, logistic regression analysis found that there are lower odds of positive attitude among those married men, who belong to the region of Gilgit Baltistan, Federal Administrated Tribal Area, aged between 20-24 years, having a primary level of education and working in the sector of agriculture. Finally, this research concluded that individuals’ socio-demographic traits are critical to understanding and addressing the prevailing myths to combat HIV/AIDS in Pakistan.

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Psychological Problems among Patients Suffer in HIV/AIDS in Pakistan

Cited by 4 publications

References 33 publications

Barriers and Enablers for Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among People Living With HIV/AIDS in the Era of COVID-19: A Qualitative Study From Pakistan

Barriers and Enablers for Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among People Living With HIV/AIDS in the Era of COVID-19: A Qualitative Study From Pakistan

Stigma, perceived family support, and post-traumatic stress experienced by seropositive HIV patients in Pakistan

Comprehensive knowledge and positive attitude of married men regarding HIV/ AIDS in Pakistan Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18

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