Psychological Responses in the Human to Intracerebral Electrical Stimulation

Mahl, George F.; Rothenberg, Albert; Delgado, José M. R.; Hamlin, Hannibal

doi:10.1097/00006842-196407000-00005

Cited by 61 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Penfield and his associates (Penfield & Rasmussen, 1950;Penfield & Jasper, 1954;Penfield & Perot, 1963) have observed that meaningful visual and auditory hallucinations occurred only with electrical stimulation in or near the temporal lobe. Similar results have been obtained by other workers (Mahl et al, 1964;Horowitz & Adams, 1970). Furthermore, a similar response has been observed in one ethically questionable study (Ishibashi et al, 1964) in anatomically healthy brains as opposed to those of patients undergoing surgery for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy.…”

Section: Hallucinations In Organic Disorderssupporting

confidence: 89%

Hallucinations

Slade¹

1976

Psychol. Med.

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EDITORIAL HallucinationsHallucinatory phenomena were recognized as long ago as the 4th century by Macarus and, until fairly recent times, were generally credited with occult significance which gave rise to a belief in the magical powers of the percipient. Such experiences have had a considerable effect on the lives of the hallucinators -the hysterical crisis of Paul (who saw Jesus in a vision) was instrumental in his acceptance of the new faith; Socrates had his 'daemon' which warned and guided him from within; while Joan of Arc's visions and voices played a memorable role in altering the course of history. But it was the decline of the demoniacal model during the 18th and 19th centuries and its replacement by the medical model in the realm of insanity which led to a more objective evaluation of hallucinatory significance and an increasing concern with phenomenology and definition.The definition of a true hallucination has posed problems, both of inclusion and exclusion. On the one hand, observers have been keen to reach agreement on a set of positive defining criteria, while on the other to distinguish true hallucinations from similar kinds of non-veridical perceptual experience. The latter concern has given rise to the differentiation of true hallucinations from illusion (Esquirol, 1838), from pseudohallucinations (Kandinsky, 1885), from hypnagogic images (Maury, 1848) and from a large variety of other types of mental imagery. Horowitz (1970) has proposed that various kinds of hallucinatory and imagery experiences can be distinguished and classified on four dimensions: in terms of their vividness, the context in which they occur, their content, and the degree of interaction with veridical perception.From the viewpoint of positive defining criteria of a true hallucination, three such criteria would probably be considered essential by modern observers: namely (1) percept-like experience in the absence of an external stimulus, (2) percept-like experience which has the full force and impact of a real perception, and (3) percept-like experience which is unwilled, occurs spontaneously and cannot be readily controlled by the percipient. Each of these three criteria also serves to differentiate a true hallucination from other types of similar experience. The criterion of'absence of an external basis' is an obvious one and has been included in nearly every definition of the phenomenon since Esquirol. It serves to separate the different experiences of hallucination and illusion. The second criterion concerning the realistic nature of the experience has gained prominence in recent times. Jaspers (1911, 1963) distinguished true hallucinations from imagery and pseudo-hallucinations on the grounds that the latter occur in 'inner subjective space' while the former have an objective reality of their own. Sedman (1966) used similar criteria in distinguishing 'inner voices' which are a form of pseudohallucination from those that can be considered true hallucinations. In a series of recent phenomenological studies, Aggernaes (...

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Section: Hallucinations In Organic Disorderssupporting

confidence: 89%

Hallucinations

Slade¹

1976

Psychol. Med.

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“…lack of pathological verification of stimulation sites, and by the (unfortunate) rarity of systematic observa tions, lack of controls, and brevity of clinical reports. The in-depth, exten sive study of one of our cases [41,44] showed that this is feasible, and that this type of clinical research is beneficial for the patients and neces sary for a critical evaluation of ESB. In my experience, the spectacular pain inhibition evoked by caudate stimulation in the monkey has not been observed in our patients, and this problem led us to further animal in vestigation in which it was discovered that only 7% of the explored points had clear inhibitory properties.…”

Section: Indications For Use Of Esb and For Patient Selectionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Instrumentation, Working Hypotheses, and Clinical Aspects of Neurostimulation

Delgado¹

1977

Stereotact Funct Neurosurg

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The paper describes instrumentation developed in our laboratory for the therapy of neurological disorders, including (a) hybrid stimulator for chronic use which retains constant current characteristics, providing a low resistance path during the quiescent phase between pulses to minimize the postpulse charge; (b) brain radio stimulators, crystal controlled, with digital logic section and an optoelectric sensor for telemetry of the intensity used; (c) external stimoceiver for experimental and clinical use, combining multichannel stimulator and EEG telemetric instrument; (d) transdermal stimoceivers, totally implantable for two-way communication with the brain through the intact skin; and (e) implantable microprocessor for detection of EEG signals which are used to trigger contingent brain stimulation. Our working hypotheses for chronic brain stimulation include (a) electrical modification of the functional set point of specific cerebral areas; (b) feedback-controlled stimulation; and (c) establishment of artificial neuronal links with the aide of the computer. The paper concludes with a discussion of the indications for therapeutic use of brain stimulation and criteria for patient selection.

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“…At present, some investigators consider that the phenomenon described by Penfield and Perot [41] did not reflect the recall of past experiences but instead represented vivid experiences that were dependent on the preexisting personality, cognitive state, and expectation of the patients [46][47][48]. Thus, in contrast to the theory of localized engrams of Penfield [42], those stimuli capable of eliciting the formation of images were associated with widespread electroencephalographic changes [47].…”

Section: Physiologymentioning

confidence: 96%

The Role of the Entorhinal Cortex in Paraphrenia

Casanova

2010

Curr Psychiatry Rep

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Evidence derived from postmortem brain studies has implicated the uncal cortex in paraphrenia. In the present review, we expand on the anatomic and physiologic nuances endogenous to this region that make entorhinal cortex pathology an important clinicopathological correlate to paraphrenia. First, we summarize the anatomic landmarks and histologic features that will allow the reader to define the entorhinal region in future research studies. As cortical regions usually project to neighboring cortices, inferences will be drawn as to the function of the entorhinal region based on the surrounding cortical regions. The results will help explain why patients with paraphrenia may exhibit amnestic deficits that stand in contrast to a well-preserved thought process and personality. We also review the results of surgical ablation studies in animals. These studies suggest that some risk factors currently associated with paraphrenia (eg, social isolation) may in reality be an early manifestation of entorhinal pathology. Finally, the author provides a parallelism between the hallucinations observed in some paraphrenic patients and the results of electrical stimulation of the uncal cortex. The results will help explain why hallucinations in paraphrenia are usually limited to the patient's surroundings.

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Psychological Responses in the Human to Intracerebral Electrical Stimulation

Cited by 61 publications

References 3 publications

Hallucinations

Hallucinations

Instrumentation, Working Hypotheses, and Clinical Aspects of Neurostimulation

The Role of the Entorhinal Cortex in Paraphrenia

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