Psychological stress increased corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA and content in the central nucleus of the amygdala but not in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat

Makino, Shinya; Shibasaki, Tamotsu; Yamauchi, Naoko; Nishioka, Tatsuya; Mimoto, Tomoko; Wakabayashi, Ichiji; Gold, Philip W.; Hashimoto, Kozo

doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02114-9

Cited by 156 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…LC activation by these stressors is blocked by CRF antagonists (Curtis et al, 1994;Lechner et al, 1997;Melia et al, 1992;Valentino et al, 1991). Interestingly, CRF immunostaining is robustly increased in the LC by acute and chronic stress in rats and by nonshock, psychological stress (Makino et al, 1999). Based on these animal studies, it may be argued that the increased concentrations of CRF in the LC of depressed subjects may be because of pre-mortem stressinduced elevations of LC CRF and a depression-associated elevation in pre-mortem LC activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated Concentrations of CRF in the Locus Coeruleus of Depressed Subjects

Bissette

Klimek

Pan

et al. 2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

132

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Research evidence that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) has accumulated over the past 20 years. The elevation of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of CRF decreased responsiveness of pituitary CRF receptors to challenge with synthetic CRF, and increased levels of serum cortisol in MDD subjects support the hypothesis that CRF is chronically hypersecreted in at least the endocrine circuits of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and may also involve other CRF brain circuits mediating emotional responses and/or arousal. One such circuit includes the excitatory CRF input to the locus coeruleus (LC), the major source of norepinephrine in the brain. Furthermore, there are now reports of decreased levels of CRF in lumbar CSF from MDD patients after symptom relief from chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs or electroconvulsive therapy. Whether this normalization reflects therapeutic effects on both endocrine-and limbic-associated CRF circuits has not yet been effectively addressed. In this brief report, we describe increased concentrations of CRF-like immunoreactivity in micropunches of post-mortem LC from subjects with MDD symptoms as established by retrospective psychiatric diagnosis compared to nondepressed subjects matched for age and sex.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated Concentrations of CRF in the Locus Coeruleus of Depressed Subjects

Bissette

Klimek

Pan

et al. 2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

132

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“…Studies on molecular mechanisms through which CRH is stimulated in these areas lag behind compared to that of PVH. It has been shown that psychosocial stress increases CRH mRNA levels in the CeA (Hsu et al 1998, Kalin et al 1994 and laterodorsal (oval) subnucleus of BNST (Makino et al 1999) and in the Barrington's nucleus (Wood et al 2009). Although CRH mRNA is elevated in both of…”

Section: Regulation and Function Of Central (Extrahypophyseotropic) Crhmentioning

confidence: 99%

CRH: The link between hormonal-, metabolic- and behavioral responses to stress

Kovács

2013

Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy

108

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Two major and mutually interconnected brain systems are recruited during stress reaction. One is the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) and the second is the extended amygdala. PVH governs the neuroendocrine stress response while CeA regulates most of the autonomic and behavioral stress reactions. The common neurohormonal mediator of these responses is the corticotropin-releasing hormone, CRH, which is expressed in both centers. CRH belongs to a larger family of neuropeptides that also includes urocortins 1, 2, and 3 all have different affinity towards the two types of CRHR receptors and have been implicated in regulation of stress and HPA axis activity. One functionally relevant aspect of CRH systems is their differential regulation by glucocorticoids. While corticosterone inhibits CRH transcription in the PVH, stress-induced glucocorticoids stimulate CRH expression in the extended amygdala. This review summarizes past and recent findings related to CRH gene regulation and its involvement in the neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioral stress reaction.Key words: Corticotropin-releasing hormone, paraventricular nucleus, central amygdala, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, corticosterone, cAMP-response element.

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“…Interestingly, CRH mRNA and protein levels are both increased in CeA after acute psychological stress, while the components of HPA axis cannot be activated under the same condition [1,17] . The present study aimed to investigate CRH expression level in PVN and in the amygdala in rats with CUMS, a model of depression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Increased expression level of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the amygdala and in the hypothalamus in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress

et al. 2010

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Objective Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays an important role in neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioral responses to stressors. In the present study, the effect of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) on CRH neurons was investigated in rat brain. Methods The rats were exposed to one of the stressors each day for 21 d. Immunostaining was performed to detect the CRH-positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and in amygdala.Results After the stress protocol, the animals showed a reduction in body weight gain as well as reduced sucrose preference and locomotor activity. Interestingly, the CRH neurons in both PVN and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) were stimulated by CUMS. The densities of CRH-containing neurons in both PVN and CeA were significantly higher than those in control group. Conclusion The CRH systems in PVN and CeA may both contribute to depression-like behaviors during CUMS.

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Psychological stress increased corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA and content in the central nucleus of the amygdala but not in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat

Cited by 156 publications

References 39 publications

Elevated Concentrations of CRF in the Locus Coeruleus of Depressed Subjects

Elevated Concentrations of CRF in the Locus Coeruleus of Depressed Subjects

CRH: The link between hormonal-, metabolic- and behavioral responses to stress

Increased expression level of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the amygdala and in the hypothalamus in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress

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