“…Building on previous studies, PWB may be associated with socio-demographic characteristics, health behaviors, and health status (Jia et al, 2021; Kovalenko & Spivak, 2018; Zhou et al, 2019). Considering the objectives of this study and the availability of data, we included the following control variables: (1) socio-demographic variables, including the respondents’ gender (1 = female , 0 = male ), age, years of education, marital status (1 = married , 2 = divorced , 3 = widowed , 4 = unmarried ), average annual household income, and the number of surviving children; (2) health behavior variables, including smoking, drinking, and exercise; these activities were descriptions of the current situation, and they were all indicated using “1 = yes” or “0 = no”; (3) health status variables, including self-rated health and the number of chronic diseases.…”