This paper is a critique of forgiveness therapy that focuses on the cultural contexts in which forgiveness therapy arose, with a special focus on the movement to address the victimization of women. I describe forgiveness as described by forgiveness therapy advocates and the moral and non-moral benefits claimed on its behalf. I then describe the cultural context that may explain the popularity of this form of therapy at this historical moment; the first context is a broad cultural context, looking at ideologies and practices that support forgiveness as a therapeutic intervention; the second context is the more narrow context of a movement within the field of psychology called "positive psychology" that also supports forgiveness interventions; and the third context, is the ideologies and narratives around victimization and in particular victimization against women that have led to an application of forgiveness therapy for victims of abuse (Freedman & Enright, 1996). After describing these three contexts in which forgiveness therapy arose, I present a critique from a feminist as well as a broader humanistic/psychodynamic perspective.
FORGIVENESS THERAPY: THE CONTEXT AND CONFLICTForgiveness and reconciliation are wonderful ideas. Together they connect a repentant, regretful, and remorseful wrongdoer, now a sufferer too, with the injured person, who may be to some extent ready to offer compassion and empathy in spite of her or his suffering. In this moral balancing act, the wrongdoer's suffering sends a message to the one he or she has wounded that the harm is acknowledged and the injured's rights must be taken seriously. The offender also makes a claim on behalf of him or herself that he is human, moral, and "one of us". The one who is hurt, depending on the depth of the hurt, and distance from it, her or his judgment of how sincere the wrongdoer is, This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.