Psychometric Data for the Revised Token Test in Normally Developing Mexican Children Ages 4–12 Years

Abstract

Language comprehension is vital to social and educational development but few pediatric tests are available for its assessment. To approach this problem, two versions of the Token Test (TT), "TT short form" (DeRenzi & Faglioni, 1978) and "Revised Token Test" (RTT), were first compared. Using a sample of 88 normally developing Spanish-speaking children, the tests were compared on their: (a) established psychometric development and (b) internal consistency. The RTT was judged to be superior and was selected for additional experimentation. The RTT was compared with a developmental measure of lexical knowledge on a cross-sectional sample of 250 4-12-year-old normally developing Spanish-speaking children. A significant positive and high correlation supports its concurrent validity. Significant differences across the age groups, along with a principal component analysis that yielded a three-factor structure, support its construct validity. Preliminary normative data across the nine age groups are provided.

Evaluating Language Comprehension in Alzheimer's disease: the use of the Token Test

“…This finding indicates that the test items had a good correlation pattern, however not being redundant. We didn't find studies in Brazil which analyzed the test internal consistency, notwithstanding our results are similar to those from Gallardo et al 20 and Spellacy and Spreen 21 . In controls, the test was significantly correlated with education and depressive symptoms, but not with age.…”

Shortened Version of the Token Test: Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population

“…These results are consistent with normative studies of this version of the Token Test in children (Malloy-Diniz et al, 2007) and adults (Aranciva et al, 2012, Peña-Casanova et al, 2009, as well as in normative studies of the revised version of the Token Test in children (Gallardo et al, 2011). Several studies have demonstrated the absence of gender differences in children's language skills.…”

“…The majority of studies have normative data for adults (Aranciva et al, 2012;De Renzi & Faglioni, 1978;Peña-Casanova et al, 2009), to the exception of a study conducted by Malloy et al (2007) who obtained normative data for children between the ages 7 and 10. The limited number of normative studies of the Token Test in children and adolescents focus mostly on the revised version of the Token Test (Gallardo et al, 2011;Kumar, Kumar, & Kumari, 2013). Since the number of subtest and commands varies between versions, it is difficult to compare the results of the present study with those of these studies.…”

“…One of the most utilized tests to detect language problems, specifically related to receptive language, is the Token Test (Gallardo, Guárdia, Villaseñor, & McNeil, 2011;Malloy-Diniz et al, 2007;Wassenberg et al, 2008). The test was originally developed in 1962 by De Renzi and Vignolo with the purpose of detecting language deficits in adults with aphasia, however, it has also been applied to children and adolescents given the utility of the test (Malloy-Diniz et al, 2007;Paquier et al, 2007).…”

Normative data for Spanish-language neuropsychological tests: A step forward in the assessment of pediatric populations

“…However, there is a lack of normative data available for all of these tests, especially for Spanish language speakers. Some norms for Spanish speaking children and adolescents can be found here (Armengol, 2002;Esperanza, 2008;Díaz et al, 2012;Galindo, Balderas, Salvador, & Reyes, 2010;Gallardo et al, 2011;Martín et al, 2012;Nieto, Galtier, Barroso, & Espinosa, 2008;Ostrosky-Solís et al, 2007;Rosselli et al, 2004;Servera & Cardo, 2007). However, the majority of Spanish speaking countries do not have country-specific cultural and normative parameters for almost all neuropsychological tests (Wang et al, 2011;Arango-Lasprilla et al, 2016).…”