Psychometric Evaluation of the Mental Health Continuum–Short Form in French Canadian Young Adults

Abstract

Objective: To examine the factor structure, internal consistency, reliability, sex invariance, and discriminant validity of the French

Well‐being in Patients with Affective Disorders Compared to Nonclinical Participants: A Multi‐Model Evaluation of the Mental Health Continuum‐Short Form

“…Based on previous research, the following six models were evaluated in all three samples: (a) a single factor CFA model with all 14 items; (b) a two correlated factors CFA model with EWB in one factor and both SWB and PWB in a second factor; (c) a three correlated factors CFA model with EWB, SWB, and PWB, as proposed by Keyes (), (); (d) a bifactor CFA model (Schmid & Leiman, ), where each item loads on a specific factor (i.e., EWB, SWB, or PWB) and simultaneously on a general factor (GF), all four factors being orthogonal to each other (de Bruin & du Plessis, ; Hides et al, ; Jovanovic, ); (e) a three‐factor ESEM model (Asparouhov & Muthén, ; Marsh et al, ), where all 14 items are loading on all three correlated factors (i.e., EWB, SWB, and PWB) simultaneously (Joshanloo, ; Joshanloo & Jovanovic, ; Joshanloo & Lamers, ; Joshanloo, Jose, et al, ); (f) a bifactor ESEM model (Morin et al, ), where all 14 items are simultaneously loading on EWB, SWB, PWB, and GF, all four factors being orthogonal to each other (Lamborn, Cramer, & Riberdy, ; Longo, Jovanovic, Sampaio de Carvalho, & Karas, ; Rogoza et al, ; Schutte & Wissing, ). We did not test a higher‐order model (Dore et al, ; Lupano Perugini et al, ; Petrillo et al, ) because for a three first‐order factorial structure, like MHC‐SF, the second‐order is just identified. Thus, it is not possible to evaluate if the second‐order factor improves the model fit when compared with the first‐order solution (Wang & Wang, ). …”

“…Despite the well‐documented association between psychopathology, especially affective disorders, and well‐being, as assessed with the MHC‐SF, its psychometric properties have been primarily evaluated in general population samples or national epidemiological surveys. In particular, the MHC‐SF has been translated and validated in various countries and cultural contexts (Zemojtel‐Piotrowska et al, ), including Argentina (Lupano Perugini, de la Iglesia, Castro Solano, & Keyes, ), Australia (Hides et al, ), Brazil (Machado & Bandeira, ), Canada (Dore, O'Loughlin, Sabiston, & Fournier, ; Orpana, Vachon, Dykxhoorn, & Jayaraman, ), Chile (Echeverria et al, ), China (Guo et al, ), France (Ismaïl & Salama‐Younes, ), Iran (Joshanloo, ; Joshanloo, Wissing, Khumalo, & Lamers, ), Italy (Joshanloo, Capone, Petrillo, & Caso, ; Petrillo, Capone, Caso, & Keyes, ), the Netherlands (Joshanloo et al, ; Lamers, Westerhof, Bohlmeijer, ten Klooster, & Keyes, ), New Zealand (Joshanloo, Jose, & Kielpikowski, ), Poland (Karas, Cieciuch, & Keyes, ), Portugal (de Carvalho, Pereira, Pinto, & Marôco, ), Serbia (Joshanloo & Jovanovic, ; Jovanovic, ), South Africa (Joshanloo et al, ; Keyes et al, ), South Korea (Lim, ), United States (Joshanloo, ) and Vietnam (Rogoza, Truong Thi, Rozycka‐Tran, Piotrowski, & Zemojtel‐Piotrowska, ), providing an ample body of evidence in support of Keyes's model of well‐being. Although all of these studies were performed in nonclinical samples, they often included several mental illness measures to investigate the discriminant validity of the MHC‐SF.…”

“…Furthermore, the MHC-SF has demonstrated adequate convergent/discriminant validity in nonclinical samples of adolescents (Bower, 2017;Guo et al, 2015;Keyes, 2006) and adults (Dore et al, 2017;Hides et al, 2016;Joshanloo, Capone, et al, 2017;Karas et al, 2014;Keyes & Grzywacz, 2005;Keyes et al, 2008;Lamers et al, 2011;Lupano Perugini et al, 2017;Machado & Bandeira, 2015;Orpana et al, 2017;Petrillo et al, 2015). In the current study, the EWB subscale had across samples significant partial correlations with hedonic well-being validators (i.e., positive with positive affect and life satisfaction; negative with negative affect) and current mood state (i.e., negative with clinical global and depression severity or general mental health difficulties), confirming its convergent validity.…”

Looking for capacities rather than vulnerabilities: The moderating effect of health assets on the associations between adverse social position and health

“…The MHC-SF has good reliability and was validated with many languages [37][38] including Canadian French. 39 In this study, moderate and languishing mental health levels were merged because the proportion of the latter was too small.…”

Well-being profiles in adolescence: psychometric properties and latent profile analysis of the mental health continuum model – a methodological study

“…Some support the threefactor model (emotional, psychological, social wellbeing) both in adolescent [11,12,[15][16][17] and in adult samples [5,18]. Others studies, mainly those which used ESEM, alluded to a bifactor structure among adolescents [19,20] and adults [21,22] and other detected good fit for both three-factor and bifactor models on their adult data [13,23]. In general, the one (unidimensional general well-being) and two factor (emotional well-being and psychological well-being with social well-being) solutions were not supported (except Machado and his colleagues in 2015 [24]).…”