Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale among Hungarian men

Differentiating the levels of risk for muscle dysmorphia among Hungarian male weightlifters: A factor mixture modeling approach

“…The MASS is a widely used measure in the area of MD. The validation and the examination of the psychometric properties of the Hungarian version of the MASS (Babusa & Túry, 2011) supported the use of the measure in male weightlifter population (Babusa, Urbán, Czeglédi, & Túry, 2012). Recently it has also been validated in British and Irish populations (Ryan & Morrison, 2010) and later in Spain (Gonzalez-Marti, Bustos, Jordan, & Mayville, 2012).…”

The Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale: A factorial analysis of validity and reliability for its use on adult Chinese male weightlifters

“…H.G. Pope, Katz, and Hudson (1993) first described MD in a study of male bodybuilders and referred to it as the "reverse anorexia," the opposite form of anorexia nervosa (Babusa, Urbán, Czeglédi, & Túry, 2012). They renamed it muscle dysmorphia in a later study (H.G.…”

“…Various versions of the MASS have been developed by researchers in several western countries including Spain (González-Martí, Bustos, Jordán, & Mayville, 2012), Hungary (Babusa et al, 2012), the United Kingdom (Ryan & Morrison, 2010), Canada (Robert, Munroe-Chandler, & Gammage, 2009), and Brazil (Sardinha, Oliveira, & Araujo, 2008). There are a few studies examining the validity and reliability of the MASS adapted for non-English-speaking populations (Babusa et al, 2012;Sardinha et al, 2008).…”

Detection of Muscle Dysmorphia symptoms in male weightlifters

“…The data shows that the entire sample takes substances for this reason, mainly with the aim of gaining weight, an increase that equates to the building up of muscle mass. The second hypothesis can thus be accepted, given that one of the reasons why athletes use substances is to reduce muscle dissatisfaction, as stated by Babusa et al (2012) and Cafri & Thompson (2004). Another possible reason for consuming these products is the low perception that athletes may have of their strength (Sokolova, González-Martí, Contreras & Fernández, 2013;González-Martí, Fernández, Hernández-Martínez & Contreras, 2014) due to the nature of the sport of weightlifting, although this is not the case in these participants.…”

“…Given that their training mainly involves explosive strength and coordination work, weightlifters have a high FFMI, a factor linked to the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), which are commonly used by bodybuilders and weightlifters (Cafri et al, 2005). The consumption of AAS is another of the symptoms of MD (Babusa, Urbán, Czeglédi & Túry, 2012). It has been shown that they contribute to an increase in musculature and help alleviate any muscle dissatisfaction felt by the sufferer.…”