Psychometric properties of self-report measures of eating disorder cognitions: a systematic review

Abstract

Background Although eating disorder (ED) models display some differences in theory and treatment approach, cognitive-behavioural, schema-focused, and disorder-specific models all highlight the fundamental nature of cognitions as key factors in ED development and maintenance processes. As such, it is vital that ED cognitions continue to be assessed and monitored as therapeutic targets and treatment outcomes as well as being examined as constructs in empirical research. This review aimed to systematically identify and evaluate the psychometric properties of existing self-report measures of ED cognitions. Methods A systematic review protocol was registered using the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42023440840). Included studies described the development, validation and/or the psychometric evaluation of a measure (or subscale) that was specifically developed to solely assess ED cognitions (that is thoughts, expectations, assumptions, or beliefs), in English-speaking, adult populations. The search was conducted using three electronic databases: PsycINFO, MedLine, and Embase. Two independent reviewers conducted screening, selection and evaluation of the psychometric properties of relevant measures using a standardised, well-established quality appraisal tool. Results Of the initial search of 7581 potential studies, 59 met inclusion criteria and described the psychometric evaluation of 31 measures (or subscales) of ED cognitions. The findings from the current review indicate that of the included measures, none currently meet all nine criteria of adequate psychometric properties. The Eating Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ; and EBQ-18), and the Eating Disorder Inventory Body Dissatisfaction subscale (EDI [BD]) currently possess the most evidence supporting their validity, reliability, and clinical utility. Conclusions The findings of the current systematic review provide guidance for future researchers to focus efforts on improving evidence for the validity, reliability and utility of self-report measures of ED cognitions. Overall, the present study has provided a detailed and systematic evaluation to support researchers and clinicians in future selection of measures of ED cognitions dependent on the specific aims of their research and treatment.